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Nutrition > Lecture 5 (2018): Proteins, Oils and Fats > Flashcards

Lecture 5 (2018): Proteins, Oils and Fats Flashcards

1
Q

What components of the body are made from protein?

A

Proteins are key components of most processes and functions of the body. Antibodies, hormones, red blood cells, enzymes are all made from amino acids.

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2
Q

How many amino acids are there? How many essential ones?

A

22 amino acids

10 essential that cannot be made by the body

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3
Q

What are the essential amino acids?

A 
Arginine (required for young, but not adults)
Histidine
Isoleucine
Leucine
Lysine
Methionine
Phenylalanine
Threonine
Tryptophan
Valine
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4
Q

What happens if one is lacking an essential amino acid?

A

The body will begin to break down its own muscle tissue, harvesting it to compensate for the deficiency. If it continues this could lead to severe loss of muscle tone.

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5
Q

What happens to the body’s pH if there is an imbalance in amino acids?

A

Normal pH of intracellular fluid is not balanced, can lead to over-acidity and fatigue.

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6
Q

What are major signs of protein deficiency?

A
  • Body tissues deteriorate, leading to haemorrhoids, hair loss, weak muscles, brittle nails, slow healing of wounds, general lack of energy
  • Mental concentration and emotional stability degenerate
  • Immune response suffers leading to allergies and infections
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7
Q

What does the WHO say is the minimum protein percentage of daily calorie intake? National Research Council?

A

WHO 5%

NRC 8%

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8
Q

How many grams of protein are recommended per pound of body weight?

A
  1. 36 grams per pound

approx. 50 grams for a 135lb person, or 2 ounces

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9
Q

Fats make up what percentage of the NA diet? What percentage do national health organizations recommend? Vegetarian diet?

A

NA diet: 30-40%
Recommended: 20%
Vegetarian diet: 10%

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10
Q

What is the role of fats in the body?

A
  • Build the tissues and hormones
  • Enhance fluid metabolism
  • Direct nutrients into the nervous system
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11
Q

What are the energetics of fats in TCM?

A
  • Support the yin principle
  • Sense of security and heaviness
  • Slowing, grounding influence
  • Transformed into yang, physically energizing and warming
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12
Q

Who needs to use fats and oils sparingly?

A

People who are:

  • overweight
  • slow
  • mentally or emotionally heavy
  • materialistic
  • overheated (manifested by red face, bloodshot eyes, yellow tongue coating, some kinds of high blood pressure, tendency to feel too hot)
  • damp systems (candida, edema, tutors, cysts)
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13
Q

What type of oils are the exception, where you do not need to worry as much about overuse?

A

Omega 3

GLA oils

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14
Q

What poor health conditions does a high fat diet promote or contribute to?

A
  • Tumors/cancer
  • Obesity
  • Heart disease
  • Diabetes
  • Gall bladder and liver disorders
  • Degenerative conditions
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15
Q

When choosing oil, what is the most trusted vegetable oil?

A

Olive oil

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16
Q

What are the different grades of olive oil in terms of acidity?

A

1st Grade: Extra virgin 1%
2nd Grade: Fine virgin 1.5%
3rd Grade: Current virgin 3%

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17
Q

What are essential fatty acids?

Main ones?

A

Fat chains that human cells cannot readily synthesize but are needed for proper functioning. Main three:

  • Alpha-linolenic acid –> converts into DHA/EPA (Omega 3’s)
  • Linoleic acid –> Gamma linolenic Acid –> Arachidonic acid (Omega 6’s)
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18
Q

What are saturated fats? Eg?

A

These only have single carbon bonds. They are solid at room temp. Eg. butter, lard, peanut oil, coconut oil

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19
Q

What are monounsaturated fats? Eg?

A

These have a one double carbon bond. They are liquid at room temp but solid when refrigerated. Eg. most are Omega 9’s (oleic acid) such as canola oil, olive oil, sunflower oil

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20
Q

What are polyunsaturated fats? Eg.?

A

These have multiple double carbon bonds. They remain liquid at room temp and in the fridge. Eg. flax seed oil, fish oil, corn oil, grapeseed, sunflower, safflower

21
Q

What is the best oil for fatty acid deficiency?

A

Flax seed oil. It contains an abundance of EFA’s in the proportion the body needs.

22
Q

What compound does ghee (clarified butter) contain? How can it be beneficial?

A

Butyric acid

  • Antibiotic
  • Anti cancer
  • Alzheimers
  • Helps heal ulcers and colitis
23
Q

What do EPA and DHA stand for?

A

Eicosapentanoic acid

Docohexanoic acid

24
Q

What health benefits do EPA/DHA Omega 3 Fatty Acids have?

A
  • Reduce blood viscosity (reduce clotting)
  • Lower lipid levels (LDL)
  • Lower blood pressure
  • Help prevent ischemia (damage to tissue from interruption of blood flow)
25
Q

Why may EPA help with migraines?

A

May reduce vascular spasm

26
Q

What does DHA contribute to structurally?

A
  • Retina of eye
  • Sperm
  • Brain development and growth (therefore learning)
27
Q

What are prostaglandins?

A

Hormone-like substances that play a role in the regulation and function of every organ and cell.

28
Q

Where is omega 6 Linoleic acid found?

A

Nuts, seeds, grains, legumes, most vegetable, fruit, animal products

29
Q

Where is omega 6 gamma-linolenic acid found?

A

Mother’s milk, spirulina, evening primrose, black current, borage oils

30
Q

Where is omega 6 arachidonic acid found?

A

Animal meats, dairy, eggs, peanuts, nori

31
Q

Where is omega 3 Alpha-linolenic acid found?

A

Flax, chia, pumpkin seeds, walnuts, soy products, dark greens

32
Q

Where are DHA/EPA omega 3’s found?

A

Mother’s milk, most snakes and fish: salmon, sardine, tuna, lake trout, eel, anchovy, butterfish

33
Q

Trace the two pathways for production of PGE1

A

Linoleic acid –> Gamma-linolenic acid –> clot promoting factors –> PGE1

Linoleic acid–> GLA –> Arachidonic acid –> clot promoting factors –> PGE1

34
Q

Trace the pathway for production of PGE2 (Leukotrienes)

A

Linoleic acid –> GLA –> Arachidonic acid –> PGE2

35
Q

Trace the pathway for production of PGE3

A

Alpha-linolenic acid –> EPA/DHA –> clot inhibiting factors –> PGE3

36
Q

What are the GLA blocking factors? (Interfere with metabolism of GLA or it’s transformation in PGE1)

A
  • trans-fatty acids, the synthetic fats in margarine, shortenings, and refined and highly heated oils (above 320 F)
  • alcohol and tobacco
  • radiation including low level radiation such as from appliances, etc.
  • aspirin and most other synthetic drugs
  • carcinoid processes – cancer and other free radical activities
  • saturated fats and cholesterol in excess
  • aging
  • excessive arachidonic acid from over consumption of animal products
  • deficiencies of vital nutrients, especially vitamins B3, B6, C, and E, zinc and magnesium
37
Q

What are the beneficial cardiovascular impacts of PGE1/PGE3?

A
  • Cleans up cholesterol

- Protects against cardiovascular diseases of heart attack, stroke, arterial deterioration

38
Q

What are the metabolic impacts of PGE1/PGE3?

A
  • Regulates action of insulin
  • Speeds up metabolism in those with stagnancy and obesity
  • Is a human growth factor, stimulates growth that has been retarded
39
Q

What are the immune system impacts of PGE1/PGE3?

A
  • Inhibits cancer, promotes cancer cell reversal
  • Proper functioning of immune system
  • Effective against autoimmune conditions/inflammatory conditions like arthritis and eczema
  • Alleviates Sjogren’s (dry eye) syndrome
40
Q

What are the nervous system effects of PGE1/PGE3?

A
  • Regulates brain function and nerve impulses

- Helps restore liver and brain function in alcoholics and reduces cravings

41
Q

In what ways may the prostaglandin pathways cause or affect MS?

A

MS is thought to result in part from Linoleic acid not being properly converted into PGE1

42
Q

What are common problems seen with PGE1 deficiency?

A
  • PMS
  • Cystic mastitis
  • Prostate problems
  • Brittle nails
  • Hyperactivity in children
43
Q

What are some positive effects of PGE2?

A

Acts beneficially to heal wounds and injuries

44
Q

What is the dietary caution/foods that contribute to PGE2?

A

Diet heavy in meats, eggs, dairy

45
Q

What conditions may be created by an excess of PGE2?

A

Many different inflammatory and degenerative conditions:

  • Arthritis/rheumatoid arthritis especially
  • Asthma
  • Breast lumps
  • Cancer/tumors
  • Dermatitis
  • Lupus
  • Psoriasis
  • Rhinitis
46
Q

How do aspirin and steroid drugs exert their effects? What is aspirin used for?

A

Block the production of PGE2 and therefore reduce clotting, pain and fever. Aspirin is used to protect the heart and for arthritic pain.

47
Q

What is the downside of aspirin?

A

Also blocks the production of PGE1, which means that over time the inflammation and deterioration of tissue from leukotrienes continues

48
Q

What would be a better choice than aspirin to limit PGE2 production?

A

Increase production of PGE1 and PGE3 as these directly limit PGE2. They also have their own anti-inflammatory properties.

Nutrition (18 decks)

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