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SFI 142 Exam 3 > Lecture 5 > Flashcards

Lecture 5 Flashcards

FOREST TREE SEED TECHNOLOGIES

1
Q

what method:
SEEDLING/TREE: 1-5

A

Containerized

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2
Q

what method:
SEEDLING/TREE: 2-10

A

Bareroot

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3
Q

what method:
SEEDLING/TREE: 5-15

A

Seed Spotting

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4
Q

what method:
SEEDLING/TREE:5-30

A

Broadcast Seeding

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5
Q

what method:
SEEDLING/TREE:50-150

A

Aerial Seeding

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6
Q

Uniqueness of seeds in forest regeneration

A
  • Seeds produced in large numbers
  • Readily available in most cases, yearly or at longer
    intervals
  • Seeds as small concentrated packages of plants-to-be
    containing nutrients for the establishment of the plant
  • Seeds more resistant to damage and environmental
    stress than vegetative propagules
  • Many seeds can be stored for long periods of time
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7
Q

Uniqueness of seeds in forest regeneration (#1)

A

Seeds produced in large numbers

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8
Q

Uniqueness of seeds in forest regeneration (#2)

A

Readily available in most cases, yearly or at longer intervals

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9
Q

Uniqueness of seeds in forest regeneration (#3)

A

Seeds as small concentrated packages of plants-to-be containing nutrients for the establishment of the plant

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10
Q

Uniqueness of seeds in forest regeneration (#4)

A

Seeds more resistant to damage and environmental stress than vegetative propagules

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11
Q

Uniqueness of seeds in forest regeneration (#5)

A

Many seeds can be stored for long periods of time

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12
Q

Impacts of using high quality seeds (Process)

A

Good quality seeds > Good quality seedlings > High quality plantations > Higher yield, higher return on investment, more employment, reduced poverty

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13
Q

Impacts of using high quality seeds (yield)

A

Higher yield, higher return on investment, more employment, reduced poverty

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14
Q

TYPES OF SEED SOURCE (5)

A
  1. Uncontrolled collection areas
  2. Controlled general collection areas
  3. Seed stands/Elite trees
  4. Seed Production Areas
  5. Seed Orchards
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15
Q

BASES FOR CLASSIFICATION OF SEED SOURCES (5)

A
  1. Precision with which seed origin is described
  2. Amount of supervision and independent inspection
    during seed collection, processing and handling
  3. Degree of selection
  4. Seed testing
  5. Progeny testing
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16
Q

SEED PRODUCTION AREAS

A

NATURAL STANDS or PLANTATIONS consisting of PHENOTYPICALLY SUPERIOR TREES that are managed as immediate sources of quality seeds for operational planting

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17
Q

INITIAL CONSIDERATIONS IN SELECTION OF STANDS FOR SPAs (6)

A
  1. Seed demand
  2. No. of trees/area required to produce the quantity of seeds
    demanded
  3. Quality of existing seed sources
  4. Status of current seed collection
  5. Information on other potential seed sources
  6. Development of seed orchards
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18
Q

Establishment of SPAs:
SELECTION OF SITE AND STAND (4)

A
  1. Stands near full stocking
  2. Reproductively mature
  3. Trees with sufficient crown areas
  4. A minimum of 5.0 hectares
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19
Q

Establishment of SPAs:
SELECTION OF MOTHER TREES (2)

A
  1. Phenotypic selection
  2. Only dominant and best co-dominant trees favored for retention
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20
Q

Establishment of SPAs:
ROGUING (4)

A
  1. Should be done early
  2. Crowns of trees released to receive full sunlight on at least three sides
  3. Several superior phenotypes in group, remove some
  4. Several inferior phenotypes in group, remove all
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21
Q

Establishment of SPAs:
ESTABLISHMENT OF ISOLATION/ POLLEN DILUTION ZONES (4)

A
  1. a buffer zone completely surrounding SPA
  2. Reduce pollen contamination from outside
  3. Zone best cleared of vegetation or maintained with low growing annuals or perennials
  4. If trees are to be grown, species should not hybridize with crop species
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22
Q

Maintenance Activities (4)

A
  1. Cleaning
  2. Pruning
  3. Application of fertilizers
  4. Record keeping/data storage and retrieval
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23
Q

SEED ORCHARDS

A

Areas where seeds are mass produced to obtain the highest genetic gain as quickly and inexpensively as possible

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24
Q

Areas where seeds are mass produced to obtain the highest genetic gain as quickly and inexpensively as possible

A

SEED ORCHARDS

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25
Q

SEED ORCHARDS (#2)

A

Plantation of selected clones or progenies isolated and managed to produce frequent, abundant and easily harvested seed crops

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26
Q

Plantation of selected clones or progenies isolated and managed to produce frequent, abundant and easily harvested seed crops

A

SEED ORCHARDS

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27
Q

SEED ORCHARDS (#3)

A

Well planned and managed plantations with the objective of producing large quantities of genetically improved seeds in the cheapest and fastest manner

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28
Q

Well planned and managed plantations with the objective of producing large quantities of genetically improved seeds in the cheapest and fastest manner

A

SEED ORCHARDS

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29
Q

SEED ORCHARDS (#4)

A

Plantation of genetically superior seeds, isolated to reduce pollination from outside sources and intensively managed to produce frequent, abundant and easily harvested seed crops

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30
Q

Plantation of genetically superior seeds, isolated to reduce pollination from outside sources and intensively managed to produce frequent, abundant and easily harvested seed crops

A

SEED ORCHARDS

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31
Q

TYPES OF SEED ORCHARDS

A
  1. CLONAL SEED ORCHARDS (CSO)
  2. SEEDLING SEED ORCHARDS (SSO)
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32
Q

Types of seed orchards:
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES (5)

A
  1. Simultaneous genetic tests and seed production possible in SSO
  2. Problems of incompatibility between scion and rootstock in CSO
  3. Early flowering and fruiting of trees in CSO
  4. Trees in CSO more susceptible to windthrow
  5. Danger of selfing greater in CSO than in SSO
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33
Q

Practical application of knowledge of seed dispersal (5)

A
  1. Direct influence on all types of seed handling procedures by morphological structures of fruits and seeds as reflected in their dispersal adaptations
  2. Fruiting season for animal dispersed species often longer than for wind or water dispersed species due to the apparent limited number of dispersal agents
  3. Seeds dispersed by ingestion usually require much harsher pre germination treatment than wind dispersed species
  4. Dispersal as part of the regeneration strategy of plants and may give some indication of genetic structure of populations&raquo_space;»>influence on selection of seed trees
  5. Knowledge of dispersal strategies and mechanisms is important for the determination of appropriate harvest time
    • Dispersal structures as maturation index
    • Dispersal limiting time for seed collection
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34
Q

Practical application of knowledge of seed dispersal (1)

A

Direct influence on all types of seed handling
procedures by morphological structures of fruits and seeds as reflected in their dispersal adaptations

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35
Q

Practical application of knowledge of seed dispersal (2)

A

Fruiting season for animal dispersed species often longer than for wind or water dispersed species due to the apparent limited number of dispersal agents

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36
Q

Practical application of knowledge of seed dispersal (3)

A

Seeds dispersed by ingestion usually require much harsher pre germination treatment than wind dispersed species

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37
Q

Practical application of knowledge of seed dispersal (4)

A

Dispersal as part of the regeneration strategy of plants and may give some indication of genetic structure of populations&raquo_space;»>influence on selection of seed trees

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38
Q

Practical application of knowledge of seed dispersal (5)

A

Knowledge of dispersal strategies and mechanisms is important for the determination of appropriate harvest time
- Dispersal structures as maturation index
- Dispersal limiting time for seed collection

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39
Q

Seed Collection (3)

A
  1. From standing trees
  2. On the ground
  3. On trees felled
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40
Q

Extraction Procedure??
Dry dehiscent fruits (dehiscent pods, follicles, capsules and cones (pines, eucalypts and most legumes)

A

Drying + shaking + tumbling

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41
Q

Drying + shaking + tumbling
What fruit type?

A

Dry dehiscent fruits (dehiscent pods, follicles, capsules and cones (pines, eucalypts and most legumes)

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42
Q

Extraction Procedure??
Dry indehiscent fruits (e.g. Acacia nilotica, Delonix regia)

A

Drying + shaking

43
Q

What fruit type?
Drying + shaking

A

Dry indehiscent fruits (e.g. Acacia nilotica, Delonix regia)

44
Q

Extraction Procedure??
Serotinous fruits (e.g . cones, capsules and somedry compound fruits)

A

Kiln drying + tumbling
Scorching + tumbling

45
Q

What fruit type? if
Kiln drying + tumbling
Scorching + tumbling

A

Serotinous fruits (e.g . cones, capsules and somedry compound fruits)

46
Q

Extraction Procedure??
Fleshy fruits with very thin pulp (e.g . Vitex parviflora and Ziziphus talanai)

A

Drying
Soaking + maceration + washing

47
Q

What fruit type? if
Drying
Soaking + maceration + washing

A

Fleshy fruits with very thin pulp (e.g . Vitex parviflora and Ziziphus talanai)

48
Q

Extraction Procedure??
Fleshy fruits with soft pulp (e.g. Prunus, Olea and Ficus spp.)

A

Soaking + fermentation+ washing
Soaking + maceration + washing

49
Q

What fruit type? if
Soaking + fermentation+ washing
Soaking + maceration + washing

A

Fleshy fruits with soft pulp (e.g. Prunus, Olea and Ficus spp.)

50
Q

Extraction Procedure??
Fleshy fruits with soft fibrous pulp (e.g. Gmelina)

A

Soaking + maceration + washing + abrasion / polishing

51
Q

What fruit type? if
Soaking + maceration + washing + abrasion / polishing

A

Fleshy fruits with soft fibrous pulp (e.g. Gmelina)

52
Q

Extraction Procedure??
Fleshy fruits with felty pulp (e.g. Tectona grandis and some Vitex spp.)

A

Soaking + abrasion + washing

53
Q

What fruit type? if
Soaking + abrasion + washing

A

Fleshy fruits with felty pulp (e.g. Tectona grandis and some Vitex spp.)

54
Q

Types of Seeds

A

Orthodox
Recalcitrant

55
Q

can be dried to as low as 5% MC and stored for long periods of time

A

Orthodox

56
Q

cannot survive low moisture content and cannot be stored

A

Recalcitrant

57
Q

Orthodox

A

can be dried to as low as 5% MC and stored for long periods of time

58
Q

Recalcitrant

A

cannot survive low moisture content and cannot be stored

59
Q

Types of Seed Storage:
seeds in piles, single layers, sacks or open containers under shelter from rain, well ventilated and protected against rodents

A

Storage at ambient temperature and humidity

60
Q

what species:
Storage at ambient temperature and humidity

A

Pinus, Tectona, Eucalyptus, Acacia and other legumes

61
Q

Types of Seed Storage
for orthodox seeds dried to low moisture content (4-8%) in sealed tin containers or in room with controlled relative humidity (using dehumidifier)

A

Dry storage with control of moisture content, not of temperature

62
Q

Dry storage with control of moisture content, not of temperature

A

for orthodox seeds dried to low moisture content (4-8%) in sealed tin containers or in room with controlled relative humidity (using dehumidifier)

63
Q

what species:
Dry storage with control of moisture content, not of temperature

A

Pinus, Eucalyptus

64
Q

Types of Seed Storage:
standard practice for many orthodox species when dried at 4-8% and stored in 0-5oC, viability may last for up to 5 years

A

Dry storage with control of both moisture content and temperature

65
Q

Dry storage with control of both moisture content and temperature

A

standard practice for many orthodox species when dried at 4-8% and stored in 0-5oC, viability may last for up to 5 years

66
Q

what species:
Dry storage with control of both moisture content and temperature

A

Gmelina, Pinus, Fagus, Populus

67
Q

Types of Seed Storage
Dry Storage for long term gene conservation

A

storage at –18oC with seeds dried at 5%+-1% may result to a shift in genetic constitution of the species because of the loss of viability through time

68
Q

Dry Storage for long term gene conservation

A

storage at –18oC with seeds dried at 5%+-1% may result to a shift in genetic constitution of the species because of the loss of viability through time

69
Q

Types of Seed Storage:
for recalcitrant seeds over short periods of
time

A

Moist storage without control of moisture
content or temperature

70
Q

Moist storage without control of moisture
content or temperature (#1)

A

for recalcitrant seeds over short periods of
time

71
Q

Types of Seed Storage
Moist storage without control of moisture
content or temperature (#2)

A

not suitable for tropical recalcitrant species
due to high ambient temperature

72
Q

not suitable for tropical recalcitrant species
due to high ambient temperature

A

Moist storage without control of moisture
content or temperature

73
Q

Types of Seed Storage
storage in controlled low temperature just above freezing or less commonly just below freezing

A

Moist cold storage with control of moisture content and temperature

74
Q

Moist cold storage with control of moisture content and temperature (#1)

A

storage in controlled low temperature just above freezing or less commonly just below freezing

75
Q

Types of Seed Storage:
application not yet definite for tropical recalcitrant species

A

Moist cold storage with control of moisture content and temperature

76
Q

Moist cold storage with control of moisture content and temperature (#2)

A

application not yet definite for tropical recalcitrant species

77
Q

what species
Moist cold storage with control of moisture content and temperature

A

Dipterocarps, Agathis and Araucaria

78
Q

Types of Seed Storage:
Other Mehods (2)

A
  • storage of recalcitrant seeds in running water
  • storage under partial vacuum storage under gases e.g. CO2 or nitrogen
79
Q

Process by which the origin and quality of seeds are verified and a statement issued regarding the same

A

SEED CERTIFICATION

80
Q

SEED CERTIFICATION description

A

Process by which the origin and quality of seeds are verified and a statement issued regarding the same

81
Q

OBJECTIVE of SEED CERTIFICATION

A

To maintain and make available sources of seed so grown and distributed to ensure genetic identity and high quality

82
Q

To maintain and make available sources of seed so grown and distributed to ensure genetic identity and high quality

A

OBJECTIVE of SEED CERTIFICATION

83
Q

SEED CERTIFICATION:
Categories of Seeds (4)

A
  1. Unclassified seeds
  2. Source-identified seeds
  3. Selected seeds
  4. Certified seeds
84
Q

SEED CERTIFICATION:
Bases of Classification (5)

A
  1. Precision with which origin is described
  2. Degree of selection of mother trees
  3. Provision of progeny testing
  4. Amount of supervision and independent
    inspection
  5. Standards of record keeping and labelling
85
Q

SEED CERTIFICATION:
Origin unknown or inadequately described

A

Unclassified Seeds

86
Q

SEED CERTIFICATION:
Stand not accredited as seed source

A

Unclassified Seeds

87
Q

SEED CERTIFICATION:
From felled or stunted trees

A

Unclassified Seeds

88
Q

SEED CERTIFICATION:
No supervision and inspection

A

Unclassified Seeds

89
Q

SEED CERTIFICATION:
Seed certification scheme disregards this
source

A

Unclassified Seeds

90
Q

SEED CERTIFICATION:
From good natural stands and plantations registered as seed sources

A

Source-identified Seeds

91
Q

SEED CERTIFICATION:
Information available on seed source

A

Source-identified Seeds

92
Q

SEED CERTIFICATION:
Collection, processing and handling fully supervised

A

Source-identified Seeds

93
Q

SEED CERTIFICATION:
Independent inspection

A

Source-identified Seeds

94
Q

SEED CERTIFICATION:
Adequate labelling and records always available

A

Source-identified Seeds

95
Q

SEED CERTIFICATION:
Selected Seeds

A

From SPAs

96
Q

SEED CERTIFICATION:
Certified Seeds

A

from Seed orchards

97
Q

SEED CERTIFICATION:
Elements of a Comprehensive National
Certification Scheme (#1, (4))

A
  1. Inspection of seed sources
    a. Number of seed trees
    b. Incidence of inferior trees
    c. Effectiveness of isolation
    d. Seed source register
98
Q

SEED CERTIFICATION:
Elements of a Comprehensive National
Certification Scheme (#2)

A

Assessment of fruit crops prior to collection

99
Q

SEED CERTIFICATION:
Elements of a Comprehensive National
Certification Scheme (#3)

A

Strict supervision during seed collection,
processing and handling, storage and transport

100
Q

SEED CERTIFICATION:
Elements of a Comprehensive National
Certification Scheme (#4)

A

Seed testing

101
Q

SEED CERTIFICATION:
Elements of a Comprehensive National
Certification Scheme (#5)

A

Replicated nursery/plantation trials

102
Q

SEED CERTIFICATION:
Minimum Requirements for Seed Certification (5)

A
  1. History of the seed source
  2. Isolation from foreign pollen
  3. Field inspection of seed trees
  4. Standards of germination and purity
  5. Labels and certificates
103
Q

SEED CERTIFICATION:
Information on Labels (6)

A
  1. Species
  2. Sub-species,variety or cultivar name
  3. Category
  4. Provenance (reference no. or index no.)
  5. Supplier (name and address)
  6. Consignee (name and address)
104
Q

SEED CERTIFICATION:
Information on Certificates (10)

A
  1. Certifying agency
  2. Consignee (name and address)
  3. Sender (name and address)
  4. Species
  5. Sub-species, variety or cultivar
  6. Category
  7. Provenance
  8. Gross weight of package
  9. Contents
    10.Disinfection treatment (if any)

SFI 142 Exam 3 (3 decks)

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