Lecture 5

Question 1

Question 2

Question 3

Each nerve to be assessed by:

Answer 3

Anatomical hallmarks
Innervation sensory
Innervation motor
Test + signs for its damage

Question 4

Question 5

I - olfactory nerve
Anatomical hallmarks

Answer 5

Cribiform plate, no true peripheral nerve but extensions from CNS

Question 6

I - olfactory nerve
Sensory innervation

Answer 6

smell

Question 7

I- olfactory nerve
Damage

Answer 7

The olfactory nerve (ON) is the only cranial nerve exposed to the external environment. Hence, it is susceptible to damage from head trauma, viral infection, inflammatory stimulation, and chemical toxins, which can lead to olfactory dysfunction.

Question 8

Question 9

II - Optic nerve
Anatomical hallmarks

Answer 9

no true peripheral nerve but extension of CNS

Question 10

II - Optic nerve
Sensory innervation:

Answer 10

visual information from eyes

Question 11

II - Optic nerve
Damage

Answer 11

Optic neuritis occurs when swelling (inflammation) damages the optic nerve — a bundle of nerve fibers that transmits visual information from your eye to your brain. Common symptoms of optic neuritis include pain with eye movement and temporary vision loss in one eye.

Question 12

III, IV and V Oculomotor, Trochlear, Abducent nerve

Question 13

III, IV, V - Oculomotor, Trochlear, Abducent nerve
Motor supply

Answer 13

eye movement

Question 14

III, IV, V - Oculomotor, Trochlear, Abducent nerve
Damage

Answer 14

Third nerve damage in the interpeduncular or subarachnoid space generally causes total third nerve paralysis.

Question 15

Question 16

III - Oculomotor
Motor innervation

Answer 16

eye muscles, eye lid (Levator palpebrae superioris) pupillary sphincter, ciliary muscle (parasympathetic)

Question 17

III - Oculomotor
Test + signs for its damage

Answer 17

“Atropina belladonna” (atropin-inhibits parasympathetic system, 2-5 berries –> lethal in children)

Question 18

Question 19

Question 20

IV - Trochlear nerve
Motor innervation

Answer 20

Superior oblique

Question 21

IV - Trochlear nerve
Test + signs for its damage:

Answer 21

Patients with trochlear nerve palsy complain of double vision vertically (vertical diplopia) or the images being tilted or rotated (torsional diplopia). The diplopia is binocular and may worsen or improve in different gazes.

The oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens nerves are tested by holding a pen or finger 30-40 cm in front of the patient in an H pattern. [1] The patient should follow the target with their eyes, carefully keeping their head still. Any eye deviation, abnormal head posture, or nystagmus should be noted.

Question 22

Answer 22

Question 23

V-Trigeminal Nerve
Anatomical hallmarks

Answer 23

3 exit points

Question 24

V-Trigeminal Nerve
Sensory innervation

Answer 24

facial skin, mouth

Question 25

V-Trigeminal Nerve
Motor innervation

Answer 25

muscles of mastication

Question 26

V-Trigeminal Nerve
Test + signs for its damage:

Answer 26

whistle, pressure points

Question 27

Question 28

VI-Abducent nerve
Anatomical hallmarks

Answer 28

follows long extradural course

Question 29

VI-Abducent nerve
Motor innervation

Answer 29

eye movement (Lateral rectus)

Question 30

VI-Abducent nerve
Test + signs for its damage:

Answer 30

deviated superiorly

Question 31

Question 32

VII - Facial Nerve
Innervation

Answer 32

parasympathetic innervation of lacrimal and salivary gland

Question 33

Question 34

VII - Facial Nerve

Question 35

VII - Facial Nerve
Anatomical hallmarks

Answer 35

through temporal bone, parotid gland

Question 36

VII - Facial Nerve
Sensory innervation

Answer 36

Ear
Taste (Chorda tympany)
Lacrimal and salivary glands (parasympathetic)

Question 37

VII - Facial Nerve
Motor innervation

Answer 37

facial muscles

Question 38

VII - Facial Nerve
Test + signs for its damage:

Answer 38

hanging mouth, eye remains open, taste, sound-sensitized

Question 39

Question 40

VIII-vestibulocochlear

Question 41

VIII - vestibulocochlear
Sensory innervation

Answer 41

Hearing and equilibrium

Question 42

VIII - vestibulocochlear
Test + signs for its damage:

Answer 42

hear impairment/deaf
Nystagmus, vomiting

Question 43

Question 44

IX - Glossopharyngeal Nerve
Sensory innervation

Answer 44

oral cavity, tongue (last 1/3bitter)
Pressoreceptors and chemoreceptors
Parasympathetic: parotid gland

Question 45

IX - Glossopharyngeal Nerve
motor innervation

Answer 45

swallowing muscle

Question 46

IX - Glossopharyngeal Nerve
Test+signs for its damage:

Answer 46

bitter taste lost,
Swallowing: fluid leaking out of nose, nasal vocal speech, dry mouth (parotis)

Question 47

Question 48

X-Vagus Nerve is a large

Answer 48

visceral efferent component

Question 49

X-Vagus Nerve
Sensory innervation

Answer 49

skin of ear (inner/ear test)
Visceral efferent to many organs, muscles, glands

Question 50

X-Vagus Nerve
Motor innervation

Answer 50

paryngeal and laryngeal muscle

Question 51

X-Vagus Nerve
Test/damage:

Answer 51

Loss of voice

Question 52

XI-Accessory Nerve
Motor innervation

Answer 52

trapezius, sternocleidomastoid

Question 53

XI-Accessory Nerve
Test + signs for its damage:

Answer 53

trapezius posterior view

Question 54

Question 55

XII-Hypoglossal Nerve
Motor innervation

Answer 55

tongue muscles

Question 56

XII-Hypoglossal Nerve
Test + signs for its damage:

Answer 56

tongue direction towards side of lesion