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Physiology 314 - CNS > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

White vs grey matter

A

Spinal cord: white matter outside, grey matter inside
Cerebrum: grey matter outside, white matter inside
Division of CNS on macroscopic level

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2
Q

White matter:

A

myelinated axons, very few cell bodies, pale due to myelin

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3
Q

Bundles of axons within CNS:

A

tracts (=nerves in PNS)

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4
Q

Grey matter:

A

pericaria of neurons (multipolar, interneurons, motorneurons), unmyelinated fibers, astrocytes, microglia cells

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5
Q

Clusters of nerve cell bodies in CNS:

A

nuclei (=ganglion in PNS)

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6
Q

CNS consistency:

A

jelly-like, minimal extracellular matrix

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7
Q

CNS support

A

connective tissue layers and fluid

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8
Q

4 protective mechanisms

A
  1. Bone structure
  2. Protective membranes (meninges)
  3. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
  4. Blood-brain barrier
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9
Q

Neurons: terminally differentiated, little extracellular matrix

A
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10
Q
  1. Bone structures
A

Enclosed by hard, bony structures
- Cranium (skull) encases brain
- Vertebral column surrounds spinal cord

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11
Q
  1. Meninges:
A
  • protection and nourishment
  • Dura mater (durus: hard)
    > Dense connective tissue, inelastic
  • Arachnoid mater (arachnoideus: spiderweb-like)
  • Pia mater (pius: gentle)
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12
Q
A
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13
Q
A
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14
Q
A
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15
Q

Damage in relation to the meninges

A
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16
Q
  1. Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
A

Surrounds and cushions brain and spinal cord
Exchange of materials between neural cells and interstitial fluid surrounding brain

17
Q

CSF major function

A

Serves as a shock-absorbing fluid to prevent brain from bumping against hard skull

18
Q

Anchored by the meninges, floating in CSF

A
  • Brain floats
    > Neurons and synaptic vessels in a special environment
19
Q

CSF generates by

A

Formed primarily by choroid plexuses

20
Q

choroid plexuses

A

Richly vascularized masses of pia matter tissue that dip into pockets formed by ependymal cells
- filtrates and modifies fluid

21
Q

CSF forms as a result of

A

selective transport mechanisms across membranes of choroid plexuses

22
Q

Choroid plexus located in

A

In roof of 3rd ventricle

23
Q

CSF constitutions

A
  • Lower in K+, slightly higher in Na2+, almost no proteins, up to 3 leucocytes/ml
  • CSF volume: 125-150 ml, replaced more than 3x/day (500-700 ml)
  • If >6 leucocytes/ml = inflammation/meningitis
24
Q
A
25
Q

CSF generated and reabsorbed

A
26
Q

CSF circulation

A

from arachnoid villus into venous sinus

Ciliary beating, 10 mm HG
Choroid plexus (arteries) –> 4 ventricles and central canal –>entering subarachnoidal space at 4th ventricle –> flows between meninges –> entire surface of brain and spinal chord –> arachnoid villi –> venous sinus –> blood stream –> choroid plexus

27
Q

CSF dysfunction:

A

hydrocephalus
(fluid on the brain)
= Intracranial pressure
- Damage of brain tissue
Pressing on brain stem into foramen magnum>affecting breathing centre

28
Q
  1. Blood Brain Barier (BBB)
A
  • Highly selective interface between the blood and the CNS
  • Endothelium in CNS with tight junctions
  • Drug delivery sometimes difficult (dopamine as L-dopa)
  • Some things diffusable through phospholipid bilayer, or must be transorted = very controlled environment
29
Q

Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) functions

A
  • Protects brain from chemical fluctuations in blood
    Strictly limits exchange between blood and brain
  • Minimizes possibility that harmful blood-borne substances might reach central nervous tissue
  • Prevents certain circulating hormones that could also act as neurotransmitters from reaching brain
  • Limits use of drugs for treatment of brain and spinal cord disorders
  • Many drugs cannot penetrate BBB
30
Q

What can get through the BBB?

A

Lipid soluble substances: O2, CO2, alcohol, steroid hormones, small water molecules
drug abuse

31
Q

Tight junctions

A

Sealing off intercellular diffusion
(in BBB)

ZO: zonula occludens = tight junction

32
Q

BBB

A
33
Q

Cancer

A

Neurons are terminally differentiated  do not form tumours

34
Q

Sources for brain tumours of neural origin:

A
  • glia cells–> glioma
  • astrocytes–> astrocytoma
  • ependyma cells –> ependymoma
35
Q

Sources for brain tumours of non-neural origin:

A
  1. meningiomas
  2. metastasized cancers
36
Q

Astrocytoma (infiltrative homogeneous lesion)

A
37
Q

Glioblastoma multiforme (cystic change, necrosis, hemorrhage)

A
38
Q
A
39
Q
A

Meningioma
- origin: meningothelial cells from dura
- push rather than infiltrate

Physiology 314 - CNS (9 decks)

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