Lecture 5 Flashcards
Explain the terms Clinical infection, Subclinical infection and Iatrogenic infection
Clinical infections have symptoms
Subclinical dont have symptoms
Iatrogenic is obtained through a medical practitioner / intervention (hospital)
How are respiratory infections transmitted?
Sneeze or salivary transfer from person to person
Explain the terms: Endemic, Epidemic, Pandemic and Sporadic.
Endemic is present in a community all the time
Epidemic is wide spread in a community but only occasionally present
Pandemic is wide spread epidemic, not localised to one community (more than one continent)
Sporadic is wide spread, occurring singularly, irregularly or infrequently
What is “Epidemiology”?
Epidemiology is the study of the spread, frequency and distribution of diseases.
Explain the difference between Morbidity and Mortality
Morbidity is the number made ill by the infective agent
Mortality is the number of deaths cased by the infective agent
Explain the difference between Incidence and Prevalence
Incidence is the number of cases over a specific period
Prevalence is the number of cases at a given time
In epidemiological terms how would you classify the disease “AIDS”.
Pandemic
Sexually transmitted infection
What factors influence the spread of disease in a community?
Virulence of the pathogen
Pathogen transmission mode
Population susceptibility
List four ways of preventing the spread of disease in a community.
Immunization
Prevent contamination of water supplies
Proper treatment of water supplies
Proper sewage treatment and disposal
Which disease of the following disease types would most likely spread
quickly through the Perth community and why?
A) Gastroenteritis, B) A sexually transmitted disease, C) Influenza
Influenza because of its transmission mode being airborne, it has the most common way of transmission.
What are the two branches of the immune system?
The innate and the adaptive branches.
How does skin protect against bacteria?
The skin acts as a mechanical barrier to stop foreign invaders from coming in
What white blood cells (WBC) types are phagocytic?
Neutrophils, monocytes and eosinophils.
Basophils
What type of white blood cell (WBC) is mainly involved in the adaptive immune system?
T cells and B cells
What antibody types are involved in the primary and secondary immune response?
IgM and IgG types
What type of lymphocyte is involved in cell mediated immunity?
Tc cells
List the ways antibodies fight infection.
Agglutination
Neutralization
Opsonization
List the antibody isotypes .
IgG IgM IgA (monomer) Secretory IgA (dimer) IgE IgD
What are the 4 cardinal signs of inflammation and how do they come about?
Redness
Heat
Swelling
Pain
Describe the difference between humoral and cell mediated immune responses.
Humoral is antibody mediated
Against extracellular invaders
Produced by B lymphocytes
Cell mediated is directly or indirectly killed by lymphocytes Acts against intracellular invaders Cytotoxic T cells (Tc)
List and describe the types of T cells.
T Helper cells
- Detect antigen on antigen presenting cells - Activate macrophages, Tc and B cells - Stimulates Adaptive immune response
T Reg cells
-Suppress the immune response
Tc Cells
-Cytotoxic T cells that kill virus infected cells and cancer cells.
Describe the difference between passive and active vaccination.
Passive Relies on administration of antibodies Often after infection or toxin Recipient does not produce an immune response of their own Short term Active Administration of antigen Prophylaxis (prevent future infection) The recipient mounts a response producing own antibodies and memory Long term
How do autoimmune diseases occur?
When the auto immune system attacks itself. The microbe has a similar antigen to the hosts antigens. Or T cells and antibodies made against the microbe cross react with the host.
Give two reasons for preventing microbes from getting into food.
Prevent food related illness
Prevent food spoilage
How could microbes contaminate food?
Microbial growth and spoilage
How does fermentation preserve food?
Creates an acidic environment where microbes struggle to grow
List two of each pathogens that cause illness through food or water?
Gardia lamblia
Norovirus
Rotavirus
Why does spoilage of food appear rapid when the microbes are on the food for long periods before the appearance of spoilage?
Due to exponential growth pattern microbes
List two reasons for treating waste water.
Removal of pathogens
Prevent contamination with drinking water
What is B.O.D?
Biochemical oxygen demand
What does BOD indicate?
The amount of organic material present in water
What is the main process in secondary sewage treatment?
Microbial digestion of organic material
Give 3 uses for Bacteriophage.
Treating bacterial infections
Identify pathogenic bacteria
Recombinant DNA technology
