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Biomedical Sciences > Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

How are fungi different from plants and animals?

A

Fungi have cell walls and do not use photosynthesis

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2
Q

How are fungi different from plants and animals?

A

Fungi have cell walls and do not use photosynthesis

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3
Q

How do yeasts differ from moulds?

A

Yeasts are unicellular and moulds are multicellular and made of hyphae

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4
Q

What is a dimorphic fungus?

A

A fungus that changes morphology depending on its environment. Can be yeast or mycelial.

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5
Q

What media is used for growing fungi?

A

a. Sabouraud’s agar
i. High sugar concentration
ii. Acidic pH
iii. Antibiotics - suppress bacterial growth

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6
Q

Why are oranges spoilt by mould rather than bacteria?

A

a. The acidic environment is good for fungi growth and poor for bacterial growth.

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7
Q

List the types of asexual spores of fungi.

A

a. Sporangiospores
b. Chlamydospores
c. Conidiospores
d. Arthrospores
e. Blastospores

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8
Q

List the four stages of fungal sexual spore formation.

A

a. Cells of +thallus and -thallus fuse
b. Nuclei fuse
c. Meiosis of nucleus restores haploid state
d. Haploid nucleus partitioned into + and - spores

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9
Q

List three types of fungal sexual spores.

A

a. Zygomycota
b. Basidiomycota
c. Ascomycota

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10
Q

What type of fungi cause tinea?

A

a. Trichophytin rubrum.

b. Microsporum canis.

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11
Q

Systematic mycoses are caused by which fungi?

A

a. Histoplasma
b. Blastomyces
c. Coccidioides
d. Paracoccidioides

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12
Q

Which fungi cause thrush?

A

a. Candida

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13
Q

Mycotoxins contaminate approximately 25% of foods worldwide, however usually do not cause disease, why?

A

a. The concentration is not high enough to cause disease.

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14
Q

Why can’t viruses be grown on artificial media?

A

Viruses require a host cell in order to replicate, media is not a host cell.

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15
Q

What is the main feature of viruses that is used to classify them?

A

Nucleic acid

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16
Q

List the Baltimore classification of viruses.

A

a. Class 1: double stranded DNA (ds DNA)
b. Class 2: single stranded DNA (ss DNA)
c. Class 3: double stranded segmented RNA (dsRNA)
d. Class 4: single stranded RNA (ss RNA) positive sense
e. Class 5: single stranded RNA (ss RNA) negative sense
f. Class 6: ss RNA positive sense with ds DNA intermediate before replication (retroviruses)
g. Class 7: ds DNA with positive sense, part ss DNA, with ss RNA intermediate (reversiviruses)

17
Q

What are the three morphological types of viruses?

A

a. Helical
b. Icosahedral
c. Complex

18
Q

What are two ways that viruses can cause disease?

A

a. The immune system attacks the infected cells and destroys them in the process
b. Virus destroys the cell through replication

19
Q

List the stages of viral infectivity.

A 
Mild
Latent
Severe
Chronic
Oncogenic
Teratogenic
20
Q

List the viral replication stages.

A

a. Attachment
b. Penetration
c. Replication of viral genome
d. Production of late viral proteins
e. Assembly of progeny virions
f. Release of virions from cell (budding or lysis)

21
Q

List two modes of transmission of viruses.

A

a. Physical contact

b. Air-borne

22
Q

What are viruses that infect bacteria called?

A

Bacteriophage

23
Q

What are the names for round and flat worms?

A

a. Nematodes (round worms)

b. Platyhelminths (flat worms)

24
Q

Liver flukes establish infections in what part of the body?

A

Bile Duct and feeds on the liver

25
Q

What is the common name for cestodia?

A

Tape worms

26
Q

Why are nematode infections so common?

A

Most commonly transferred with faecal oral transmission via water.

27
Q

What are the symptoms of Malaria and why do these symptoms occur?

A

a. Sudden fever, chills, nausea and headache.

i. They are caused from the sudden lysis (bursting) of infected red blood cells

28
Q

What is the main route of infection for parasites? What is an exception?

A

a. Attach into the small intestine and absorb nutrients from chyme passing through.
i. Malaria instead attached to red blood cells and replicates until they go through lysis.

29
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and Enterobius vermicularis are what type of helminth?

A

Nematode (round worm)

Biomedical Sciences (11 decks)

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