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Biological Foundations > Lecture 4a > Flashcards

Lecture 4a Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main categories of research methods to study the brian?

A

Examine effects of brain damage
Examine effects of stimulating brain area
Record brain activity during behavior
Correlate brain anatomy with behavior

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2
Q

Brain damage can produce what?

A

Inability to recognize faces
Inability to perceive motion
Changes in emotional responses

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3
Q

What is an ablation?

A

Removal of brain area

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4
Q

What is a lesion?

A

Damage to brain area

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5
Q

What is a stereotaxic instrument?

A

Used to damage structures in interior of brain

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6
Q

What is an application of intense magnetic field to a portion of scalp to temporarily deactivate neurons below magnet?

A

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

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7
Q

TMS allows researchers to do what?

A

Study behavior with brain area active and then inactive and then active again.

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8
Q

What is the effect of brain stimulation?

A

Increase behavior

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9
Q

What is a technique that allows researchers to turn on activity in targeted neurons by a device that shines a laser with the brain

A

Optogenetics

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10
Q

What is a limitation to optogenetics?

A

Complex behaviors depend on temporal pattern of activity in many areas.

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11
Q

An eeg records what?

A

Electrical activity produced by various brain regions.

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12
Q

An MEG is similar to EEG but measures what?

A

Faint magnetic fields generated by brain activitity

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13
Q

What is a PET recording?

A

Emission of radioactivity from injected radioactive chemicals to produce high resolution image.

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14
Q

What is a fMRI?

A

Uses oxygen consumption in brain to provide moving picture

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15
Q

What is a CAT scan?

A

Uses x-rays at many angles

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16
Q

MRI uses what?

A

Magentic fields, radio waves and computer enhancement.

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17
Q

What interacts to shape human behaivor?

A

Genes

Environment

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18
Q

What is defined as a portion of a chromosome and is composed of DNA?

A

Gene

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19
Q

Genes come in pairs called what?

A

Alleles aligned along chromosomes

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20
Q

What type of gene shows a strong effect in either the homozygous or heterozygous condition?

A

Dominant

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21
Q

What type of gene shows it’s effect only in the homozygous condition?

A

Recessive

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22
Q

What type of gene occus in a phenotype where there is incomplete dominance in heterozygous condition?

A

Intermediate

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23
Q

How do genes change?

A

Mutation

Microduplication/Microdeletion

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24
Q

What is a heritable change in DNA?

A

Mutation

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25
Q

What is part of a chromosome that might appear once, twice or not at all?

A

Microduplication/Microdeletion

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26
Q

Some researchers believe that what might be a result of microduplications and microdeletions of brain relevant genes?

A

Schizophrenia

27
Q

What is concerned with changes in gene expression without the modification of DNA sequence?

A

Epigenetics

28
Q

What is the explanation for differences betwen monozygotic-identical twins/

A

Epigenetic differences

29
Q

What refers to how much characteristics depend on genetic differences?

A

Heritability

30
Q

Almost all behaviors have what?

A

Genetic and environmental component

31
Q

Do genes directly produce behaviors?

A

No

32
Q

Genes produce proteins that do what?

A

Increaase probability that behaivor will develop under certain circumstances

33
Q

What refers to a change in frequency of various genes in a population over generations?

A

Evolution of behavior

34
Q

What does evolution attempt to answer?

A

How did some species evolve?

How do species evolve?

35
Q

Brain development depends on what

A

Maturation

Learning

36
Q

We can refine the understanding of brain development by learning how what?

A

Neurons develop
Axons connect
Experience modifies development

37
Q

The human CNS begins to form what?

A

Embryo is 2 weeks old

38
Q

The CNS forms by what?

A

Dorsal surface thickening, forming a neural tube that surrounds fluid filled cavity.

39
Q

The forward end of neural tube enlarges and differentiates into what?

A

Hindbrain
Midbrain
Forebrain

40
Q

The rest of the neural tube becomes what?

A

Spinal Cord

41
Q

What is the production of new cells/neurons in the brain primarily occuring early in life?

A

Proliferation

42
Q

What is movement of the newly formed neurons and glia to their eventual locations?

A

Migration

43
Q

What is the term for forming the axon and dendrites that givese neuron it’s distinctive shape?

A

Differentiation

44
Q

What is the term for glia that produce the fatty sheath that covers the axons of some neurons?

A

Myelination

45
Q

What is the formation of the synapses between neurons?

A

Synaptogenesis

46
Q

Growing axons reach their target areas by following what?

A

Gradient of chemicals they are attracted or repelled by

47
Q

When axons initally reach their targets they form what?

A

Synapses with several cells

48
Q

What strengthens or eliminates connections with some cells?

A

Postsynaptic cells

49
Q

The formation or elimination of connections depend on what?

A

Pattern of input from incoming axons

50
Q

What is it when the most successful axon connections and combinations survive while others fail to sustain active synapses?

A

Neural Darwinsim

51
Q

What are the chemicals that promote survival and activity of neurons?

A

Neurotrophins

52
Q

Early stages of brain development are critical for what?

A

Normal development later in life

53
Q

During early development the brain is highly vulnerable to what?

A

malnutrition
toxic chemicals
infections

54
Q

The brain has some ability to do what?

A

Reorganize itself in response to experience

55
Q

Axons and dendrites continue to modify their structure and connections when?

A

Throughout life

56
Q

Dendrites continually grow what

A

New spines

57
Q

Almost all survivors of brain damage show what?

A

Behavioral recovery to some degree

58
Q

Some recovery after brain damage relies on what?

A

Growth of new branches of axons and dendrites

59
Q

What is the most common type of stroke that results from a blood clot or obstruction of an artery?

A

Ischemia

60
Q

What is a less frequent type of stroke resulting from a rupturned artery?

A

Hemorrhage

61
Q

What is the immediate treatment for strokes?

A

Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)

62
Q

tPA does what?

A

Breaks up blood clots and can reduce the effects of ischemic strokes

63
Q

What are the later mechanisms of recovery?

A 
Increased brain stimulation
Regrowth of axons
Axon sprouting
Denervation hypersensitivity
Reorganized sensory representations and phantom limb
Learned adjustments in behavior

Biological Foundations (5 decks)

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