Lecture 4 Flashcards
The CNS is composed of?
Brain
Spinal Cord
The PNS does what?
Connects brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body.
what controls volutary muslces and conveys sensory information to the CNS?
Somatic Nervous System
What controls the heart, intestines, and other organs?
Autonomic Nervous System
The spinal cord communicates with what?
Sensory organs
Muslces
Information enter what carry sensory information?
Dorsal Roots
Information exiting what carry motor information?
Ventral Roots
Where are cell bodies located?
In clusters of neurons outside spinal cord-Dorsal Root Ganglia
The spinal cord contains what?
White Matter
Gray Matter
The gray matter is made up of what?
Cell bodies and dendrites
White matter is made up of?
Myelinated axons
What is the function of white matter?
Carry information from gray matter to brain or other areas of cord.
The spinal cord does what?
Sends sensory information to brain and recieves motor commands.
The hindbrain consists of what?
Medulla
Pons
Cerebellum
The hindbrain is located where?
Posterior portion of brain
The human brainstem consists of what?
Hindbrain
Midbrain
Other central structures of the brain
What is located just above spinal cord?
Medulla
What is the responsibility of the medulla?
Vital functions: breathing HR, vomiting, salivation, coughing, sneezing.
What allows medulla to control sensations from the head, muscle movements in head and parasympathetic outputs?
Cranial Nerves
The hindbrain lies where?
On each side of the medulla
Axons from each half of the brain cross where?
To opposite side of cord
The L hemisphere control what?
Muslces of R side of body
The R hemisphere controls what?
L side of body
What is the structure located in hindbrain with many deep folds?
Cerebellum
The cerebellum does what?
Regulate motor movement, balance, coordination
The cerebellum is important for wht?
Shifting attention between auditory and visual stimuli
The midbrain contains what?
Tectum
Tegmentum
Substania Nigra
What is the roof of the midbrain?
Tectum
What is the function of the superior and inferior colliculus?
Process sensory information
What contains nuclei for cranial nerves and part of the reticular formation?
Tegmentum
What gives rise to the dopamine containing pathway facilitating readiness for movement?
Substantia Nigra
The forebrain is found where?
Most anterior and prominent part of brain with 2 cerebral hemisphere
What is the outer protaion of the forebrain?
Cerebral Cortex and subcortical regions
Each side of the cerebral cortex does what?
Receives sensory information and controls motor movement from opposite side of the body
The forebrain also includes what?
Diencephalon
Telencephalon
The diencephalon contains what?
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
The telencephalon contains what?
Limbic system
Basal ganglia
Cerebral Cortex
What is the relay station from sensory organs?
Thalamus
What is the main source of input to cortex?
Thalamus
What conveys messages to the pituitary gland to alter the release of hormones?
Hypothalamus
What is associated with behaviors such as eating, drinking, sexual behaviors, and other motivated behaviors?
Hypothalamus
What consists of interlinked structures that form a border around the brainstem?
Limbic System
The limbic system contains what?
Olfactory bulb Hypothalamus Thalamus Hippocampus Amygdala Cingulate Gyrus of cerebral cortex
The basal ganglia consists of what?
Globus Pallidus
Caudate Nucleus
Putamen
The basal ganglia contains the subcortical nuclei that controls what?
Motor behaviors
Emotional expression
Memory
Reasoning
The basal forebrain is composed of what?
Several structures that lie on dorsal surface of forebrain
The basal forebrain contain what?
Nucleus Basalis
The nucleus basalis receives input from what?
Hypothalamus
Basal Ganglia
The basal forebrain is important for what?
Arousal
Wakefulness
Attention
What are four fluid filled cavities within the brain’s central canal containing CSF?
Ventricles
What is the clear fluid found in the brain and cord
CSF
CSF provies what?
Cushion for brain
The CSF is a reservior of what?
Hormones and Nutruiton for brain and cord
What is the most prominent part of brain?
Cerebral Cortex
The cerebral cortex is joined by what?
Corpus Callosum and anterior commissure
The cerebral cortex contains what?
Six laminae layers that are parallel to surface of cortex
Cells of the cortex are dived into columns and found where?
Lying perpendicular to laminae
What is a gyrus?
Bump
What is a sulcus?
Groove
What is a fissure?
Very big groove
What are the lobes of cerebral cortex?
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal
Frontal
What is located at posterior end of cortex?
Occipital lobe
The occipital lobe is known as what?
Primary Visual Cortex (damage-cortical blindness)
The parietal lobe contains what?
Post central gyrus (primary somatosensory cortex)
What is the function of parietal lobe?
Target for touch sensations and info from muscle-stretch receptors and joint receptors.
What does the parietal lobe do?
Process and integrate information about eye, head, body position and information sent from muscles and joints.
The parietal lobe is essential for what?
Spatial information
Numerical information
The temporal lobe is located where?
Lateral portion of each hemisphere near temples.
The temporal lobe is target for what?
Auditory Informaiton
The temporal lobe is essential for what?
Processing spoken langugage
The temporal lobe is responsible for what
Complex aspects of vision, including movement and emotional and motivational behaviors
The frontal lobe contains what?
Prefrontal cortex
Precentral Gyrus
What is also known as the primary motor cortex and is responsible for control fo fine motor movement?
Precentral Gyrus
What is the integration central for all sensory information and other areas of the cortex?
Prefrontal Cortex
The prefrontal cortex is responsible for what?
Higher functions
Ability to remember recent events/information
People with damage to prefrontal cortex exhibit what?
Delayed response task
What is surgical disconnection fo prefrontal cortex from the rest of the brain?
Prefrontal Lobotomy
Who typically gets a prefrontal lobotomy
Schizophrenia patients
What happens to patients with a prefrontal lobotomy?
apathy
lack of ability to plan
memory disorders
lack of emotional expression
What refers to how the visual, auditory, and other areas of the brain produce a perception of a single object?
Binding Problem
What are the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord?
Meninges
What is the thickest outer most layer of meninges?
Dura Mater
What is the middle meninge layer thats fibrous and in the subarachnoid space?
Arachnoid
What is the inner layer of meninge that is thin?
Pia Mater
What are the 2 divisions of the ANS?
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
The somatic nervous system is made of what?
Spinal nerves and crainial nerves
The SNS provides what to the CNS?
Sensory Information
Voluntary Motor
The ANS send and recieves messages to do what?
Regulate automatic behaviors of body (HR, BP, Respiration, Digestion)
What system prepares the body for action and expends energy?
Sympathetic NS
What system prepares the body for rest and rejuvination and stores energy?
Parasymptathetic NS
What is the primary neurotransmitter for the sympathetic NS?
Norepinepherine
