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Biological Foundations > Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

The CNS is composed of?

A

Brain

Spinal Cord

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2
Q

The PNS does what?

A

Connects brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body.

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3
Q

what controls volutary muslces and conveys sensory information to the CNS?

A

Somatic Nervous System

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4
Q

What controls the heart, intestines, and other organs?

A

Autonomic Nervous System

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5
Q

The spinal cord communicates with what?

A

Sensory organs

Muslces

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6
Q

Information enter what carry sensory information?

A

Dorsal Roots

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7
Q

Information exiting what carry motor information?

A

Ventral Roots

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8
Q

Where are cell bodies located?

A

In clusters of neurons outside spinal cord-Dorsal Root Ganglia

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9
Q

The spinal cord contains what?

A

White Matter

Gray Matter

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10
Q

The gray matter is made up of what?

A

Cell bodies and dendrites

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11
Q

White matter is made up of?

A

Myelinated axons

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12
Q

What is the function of white matter?

A

Carry information from gray matter to brain or other areas of cord.

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13
Q

The spinal cord does what?

A

Sends sensory information to brain and recieves motor commands.

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14
Q

The hindbrain consists of what?

A

Medulla
Pons
Cerebellum

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15
Q

The hindbrain is located where?

A

Posterior portion of brain

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16
Q

The human brainstem consists of what?

A

Hindbrain
Midbrain
Other central structures of the brain

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17
Q

What is located just above spinal cord?

A

Medulla

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18
Q

What is the responsibility of the medulla?

A

Vital functions: breathing HR, vomiting, salivation, coughing, sneezing.

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19
Q

What allows medulla to control sensations from the head, muscle movements in head and parasympathetic outputs?

A

Cranial Nerves

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20
Q

The hindbrain lies where?

A

On each side of the medulla

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21
Q

Axons from each half of the brain cross where?

A

To opposite side of cord

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22
Q

The L hemisphere control what?

A

Muslces of R side of body

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23
Q

The R hemisphere controls what?

A

L side of body

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24
Q

What is the structure located in hindbrain with many deep folds?

A

Cerebellum

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25
Q

The cerebellum does what?

A

Regulate motor movement, balance, coordination

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26
Q

The cerebellum is important for wht?

A

Shifting attention between auditory and visual stimuli

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27
Q

The midbrain contains what?

A

Tectum
Tegmentum
Substania Nigra

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28
Q

What is the roof of the midbrain?

A

Tectum

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29
Q

What is the function of the superior and inferior colliculus?

A

Process sensory information

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30
Q

What contains nuclei for cranial nerves and part of the reticular formation?

A

Tegmentum

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31
Q

What gives rise to the dopamine containing pathway facilitating readiness for movement?

A

Substantia Nigra

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32
Q

The forebrain is found where?

A

Most anterior and prominent part of brain with 2 cerebral hemisphere

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33
Q

What is the outer protaion of the forebrain?

A

Cerebral Cortex and subcortical regions

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34
Q

Each side of the cerebral cortex does what?

A

Receives sensory information and controls motor movement from opposite side of the body

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35
Q

The forebrain also includes what?

A

Diencephalon

Telencephalon

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36
Q

The diencephalon contains what?

A

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

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37
Q

The telencephalon contains what?

A

Limbic system
Basal ganglia
Cerebral Cortex

38
Q

What is the relay station from sensory organs?

A

Thalamus

39
Q

What is the main source of input to cortex?

A

Thalamus

40
Q

What conveys messages to the pituitary gland to alter the release of hormones?

A

Hypothalamus

41
Q

What is associated with behaviors such as eating, drinking, sexual behaviors, and other motivated behaviors?

A

Hypothalamus

42
Q

What consists of interlinked structures that form a border around the brainstem?

A

Limbic System

43
Q

The limbic system contains what?

A 
Olfactory bulb
Hypothalamus
Thalamus
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Cingulate Gyrus of cerebral cortex
44
Q

The basal ganglia consists of what?

A

Globus Pallidus
Caudate Nucleus
Putamen

45
Q

The basal ganglia contains the subcortical nuclei that controls what?

A

Motor behaviors
Emotional expression
Memory
Reasoning

46
Q

The basal forebrain is composed of what?

A

Several structures that lie on dorsal surface of forebrain

47
Q

The basal forebrain contain what?

A

Nucleus Basalis

48
Q

The nucleus basalis receives input from what?

A

Hypothalamus

Basal Ganglia

49
Q

The basal forebrain is important for what?

A

Arousal
Wakefulness
Attention

50
Q

What are four fluid filled cavities within the brain’s central canal containing CSF?

A

Ventricles

51
Q

What is the clear fluid found in the brain and cord

A

CSF

52
Q

CSF provies what?

A

Cushion for brain

53
Q

The CSF is a reservior of what?

A

Hormones and Nutruiton for brain and cord

54
Q

What is the most prominent part of brain?

A

Cerebral Cortex

55
Q

The cerebral cortex is joined by what?

A

Corpus Callosum and anterior commissure

56
Q

The cerebral cortex contains what?

A

Six laminae layers that are parallel to surface of cortex

57
Q

Cells of the cortex are dived into columns and found where?

A

Lying perpendicular to laminae

58
Q

What is a gyrus?

A

Bump

59
Q

What is a sulcus?

A

Groove

60
Q

What is a fissure?

A

Very big groove

61
Q

What are the lobes of cerebral cortex?

A

Parietal
Occipital
Temporal
Frontal

62
Q

What is located at posterior end of cortex?

A

Occipital lobe

63
Q

The occipital lobe is known as what?

A

Primary Visual Cortex (damage-cortical blindness)

64
Q

The parietal lobe contains what?

A

Post central gyrus (primary somatosensory cortex)

65
Q

What is the function of parietal lobe?

A

Target for touch sensations and info from muscle-stretch receptors and joint receptors.

66
Q

What does the parietal lobe do?

A

Process and integrate information about eye, head, body position and information sent from muscles and joints.

67
Q

The parietal lobe is essential for what?

A

Spatial information

Numerical information

68
Q

The temporal lobe is located where?

A

Lateral portion of each hemisphere near temples.

69
Q

The temporal lobe is target for what?

A

Auditory Informaiton

70
Q

The temporal lobe is essential for what?

A

Processing spoken langugage

71
Q

The temporal lobe is responsible for what

A

Complex aspects of vision, including movement and emotional and motivational behaviors

72
Q

The frontal lobe contains what?

A

Prefrontal cortex

Precentral Gyrus

73
Q

What is also known as the primary motor cortex and is responsible for control fo fine motor movement?

A

Precentral Gyrus

74
Q

What is the integration central for all sensory information and other areas of the cortex?

A

Prefrontal Cortex

75
Q

The prefrontal cortex is responsible for what?

A

Higher functions

Ability to remember recent events/information

76
Q

People with damage to prefrontal cortex exhibit what?

A

Delayed response task

77
Q

What is surgical disconnection fo prefrontal cortex from the rest of the brain?

A

Prefrontal Lobotomy

78
Q

Who typically gets a prefrontal lobotomy

A

Schizophrenia patients

79
Q

What happens to patients with a prefrontal lobotomy?

A

apathy
lack of ability to plan
memory disorders
lack of emotional expression

80
Q

What refers to how the visual, auditory, and other areas of the brain produce a perception of a single object?

A

Binding Problem

81
Q

What are the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord?

A

Meninges

82
Q

What is the thickest outer most layer of meninges?

A

Dura Mater

83
Q

What is the middle meninge layer thats fibrous and in the subarachnoid space?

A

Arachnoid

84
Q

What is the inner layer of meninge that is thin?

A

Pia Mater

85
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the ANS?

A

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

86
Q

The somatic nervous system is made of what?

A

Spinal nerves and crainial nerves

87
Q

The SNS provides what to the CNS?

A

Sensory Information

Voluntary Motor

88
Q

The ANS send and recieves messages to do what?

A

Regulate automatic behaviors of body (HR, BP, Respiration, Digestion)

89
Q

What system prepares the body for action and expends energy?

A

Sympathetic NS

90
Q

What system prepares the body for rest and rejuvination and stores energy?

A

Parasymptathetic NS

91
Q

What is the primary neurotransmitter for the sympathetic NS?

A

Norepinepherine

Biological Foundations (5 decks)

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