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Anatomy > Lecture 4a > Flashcards

Lecture 4a Flashcards

1
Q

7 functions of bone

A 
support
protect
anchor/movement
mineral storage
hematopoiesis (blood cell formation) 
triglyceride storage
hormone production
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2
Q

Tissues types in the bone

A 
bone
blood
cartilage
fat
ligaments/tendons
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3
Q

Extracellular matrix

A

rigid and sturdy

-due to mineral deposit (calcium)

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4
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

protect and support

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5
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A

movement

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6
Q

Major types of bone and description

A

long bone-greater in length than width
short bone-nearly equal in length and width
flat bone-thin surfaces
irregular bone-complex shape

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7
Q

Compact bone

A
  • solid, smooth and relatively dense bone

- external surface of bone

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8
Q

Spongy bone

A
  • open lattice of narrow plates called trabeculae
  • internal surface of the bone
  • contains bone marrow
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9
Q

Epiphysis

A
  • knobby ends of long bones
  • proximal and distal epiphysis
  • covered in hyaline cartilage
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10
Q

Diaphysis

A

-elongated cylindrical shaft with bone marrow cavity

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11
Q

Medullary cavity

A

houses the yellow bone marrow

long axis of bone

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12
Q

Metaphysis (epiphyseal plate)

A
  • in between the diaphysis and the epiphysis

- contains the epiphyseal (growth) plate

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13
Q

Periosteum

A

-outer layer of the bone
-covers external surface
-anchors blood vessels, nerves and tendons and ligaments
-dense irregular connective tissue
outer membrane-fibrous layer
inner membrane-osteogenic layer

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14
Q

Osteogenic layers

A

osteoprogenitors
osteoblasts
osteoclasts

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15
Q

Endosteum

A
  • within the bone
  • covers the internal surfaces of bone including the trabeculae
  • same cells as inner layer of the periosteum (osteogenic layer)
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16
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells

A
  • stem cells
  • found in the periosteum (inner layer) and endosteum
  • differentiate in to osteoblasts
17
Q

Osteoblasts

A
  • secrete bone matrix (osteoid) - collagen, calcium binding proteins
  • when surrounded by the matrix it matures and becomes osteocytes
  • responsible for bone growth
18
Q

Osteocytes

A
  • final mature form of bone cells
  • mature bone cells monitor and maintain the bone matrix
  • resides in the lacunae
  • detects mechanical stressors on bone
  • communicates with osteoblast and osteoclasts during bone remodelling
19
Q

Osteoclasts

A
  • bone dissolvers
  • releases calcium
  • ruffled membrane that increases the surface to volume ratio
20
Q

Osteon

A
  • compact bone structure
  • contains the lamellae and the central canal
  • runs parallel to bone
  • weight bearing pillars
21
Q

Lamellae

A
  • matrix tubes, like the rings of a tree

- contains collagen fibres running adjacent to the lamellae to withstand torsional strain

22
Q

Central canal

A

contains blood vessels and nerves

23
Q

Perforating canal

A

connects the medullary cavity with the central canal

24
Q

Canaliculi

A

tiny canals connecting the lacunae with to eachother and the central canal

25
Q

Organic component of bone

A

resists stretch
-bone cells
-osteoid (collagen, bind specific proteins and ground substance)
1/3 of the bone

26
Q

Inorganic component of bone

A

resists to compression
-mineral salts (calcium phosphate)
2/3 of the bone

27
Q

Comminuted fracture

A
  • bone breaks into three or more pieces

- seen in old age, the bones are more brittle

28
Q

Compressed fracture

A

bone is crushed

-due to porous bone (osteoporotic bone) subjected to extreme trauma; fall

29
Q

Spiral fracture

A
  • ragged break due to a twisting force applied to the bone

- most common in sports fractures

30
Q

Epiphyseal fracture

A
  • the epiphyseal detaches from the diaphysis along the epiphyseal plate
  • tends to occur when the cells of the cartilage is dying and the calcification of the matrix is occurring
31
Q

Depressed fracture

A

the bone breaks inwards

-commonly seen in head injuries

32
Q

Greenstick fracture

A
  • when the bone breaks incompletely, one side is broken and the other side is bending
  • this is seen in kids since they still have a more organic matrix that is more flexible than adults
33
Q

What are the projections

A
  • trochanter
  • line
  • crest
  • tubercle
  • epicondyle
  • spine
  • process
  • tuberosity
34
Q

Surfaces

A

head
facet
condyle

35
Q

Depressions and openings

A 
notch
meatus
groove
fissure
foramen
sinus
fossa

Anatomy (3 decks)

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