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Muscoskeletal System > Lecture 4.1: Overview of the Upper Limb and Pectoral Region > Flashcards

Lecture 4.1: Overview of the Upper Limb and Pectoral Region Flashcards

1
Q

Regions of the Upper Limb (8)

A
  • Pectoral
  • Shoulder
  • Axillary
  • Brachial
  • Cubital
  • Antebrachial
  • Carpal
  • Hand
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2
Q

What encloses the muscles of the upper limb?

A

Deep Fascia

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3
Q

Intermuscular Septa: Function? Origin?

A
  • Intermuscular septa arise from the deep fascia

* Separates limb into discrete compartments

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4
Q

Compartments of the Upper Limb: Anterior

A

Mostly Flexor

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5
Q

Compartments of the Upper Limb: Posterior

A

Mostly Extensor

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6
Q

What is an Escharotomy?

A

The surgical division of the nonviable eschar, the tough, inelastic mass of burnt tissue that results from full-thickness circumferential and near-circumferential skin burns

The eschar, by virtue of its inelasticity, results in the burn-induced compartment syndrome

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7
Q

What is Compartment Syndrome?

A
  • Increased pressure within a closed anatomical space
  • Compromises blood supply → ischaemia
  • Temporary/permanent damage to muscles and nerves
  • Acute (usually fracture) or chronic (e.g. exercise)
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8
Q

Symptoms of Compartment Syndrome

A

• Pain+++,
• Parasthesia
• Peripheral pulses usually present until late
[• Care not to confuse with acute arterial injury (5 Ps)]

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9
Q

Treatment for Compartment Syndrome

A

Fasciotomy: tissue that surrounds the area is cut open to relieve pressure

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10
Q

What is Parasthesia?

A

A burning or prickling sensation that is usually felt in the hands, arms, legs, or feet, but can also occur in other parts of the body

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11
Q

Upper Limb Bony Structures: Shoulder Girdle

A
  • Clavicle

* Scapula

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12
Q

Upper Limb Bony Structures: Arm

A
  • Humerus

* [Elbow Joint]

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13
Q

Upper Limb Bony Structures: Forearm

A
  • Radius is Lateral

* Ulna is Medial

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14
Q

Upper Limb Bony Structures: Hand

A
  • Carpals
  • Metacarpals
  • Phalanges
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15
Q

What is the Brachial Plexus?

A

A network of nerves in the shoulder that carries movement and sensory signals from the spinal cord to the arms and hand

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16
Q

Where does the Brachial Plexus originate from?

A
  • Originates from cervical and thoracic spinal cord levels

* C5, C6, C7, C8, T1

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17
Q

How is the Brachial Plexus formed?

A

Begins in neck –> axilla –> arm –> forearm –> hand

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18
Q

What does the Brachial Plexus consist of?

A
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19
Q

What are the Main Nerves of the Upper Limb? (5)

A
  • Axillary Nerve
  • Musculocutaneous Nerve
  • Median Nerve
  • Radial Nerve
  • Ulnar Nerve
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20
Q

Main Nerves of the Upper Limb: Axillary Nerve

A
  • Deltoid minor

* Teres minor

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21
Q

Main Nerves of the Upper Limb: Musculocutaneous Nerve

A

• Anterior compartment of arm

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22
Q

Main Nerves of the Upper Limb: Median Nerve

A
  • Most anterior compartment forearm
  • Thenar muscles
  • Lumbricals 1 and 2
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23
Q

Main Nerves of the Upper Limb: Radial Nerve

A
  • Posterior compartment arm

* Forearm

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24
Q

Main Nerves of the Upper Limb: Ulnar Nerve

A
  • Small muscles of hand

* 1½ anterior forearm muscles

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25
Q

What are the Arteries of the Upper Limb? (5)

A
  • Subclavian Artery
  • Axillary Artery
  • Brachial Artery
  • Radial Artery
  • Ulnar Artery
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26
Q

Arteries of the Upper Limb: Subclavian Artery

A
  • Structures in the neck

* Part of the thoracic wall and entire upper limb

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27
Q

Arteries of the Upper Limb: Axillary Artery

A
  • Continuation of the subclavian

* Beginning at the lateral border of the first rib

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28
Q

Arteries of the Upper Limb: Brachial Artery

A
  • Continuation of the axillary
  • Beginning at the lateral
  • Lower border of the teres major (muscle)
29
Q

Arteries of the Upper Limb in the Cubital Fossa

A
  • Cubital Fossa is the area of transition between the arm and the forearm
  • It is located in a depression on the anterior surface of the elbow joint
  • The brachial artery bifurcates into the Radial and Ulnar arteries of the forearm
30
Q

Arteries of the Upper Limb in Hand

A
  • Ulnar and Radial Arteries give rise to palmar arches

* Superficial and Deep → Supply Digits

31
Q

What is another name for Deep Veins?

A

Vena Commitantes accompany major arteries and carry the same name as the artery

32
Q

What are the Deep Veins of the Upper Limb? (5)

A
  • Subclavian Vein
  • Axillary Vein
  • Brachial Vein
  • Radial Vein
  • Ulnar Vein
33
Q

Where are the Superficial Veins of Upper Limb

A

Superficial veins do NOT run with arteries and are subcutaneous

34
Q

What are the Superficial Veins of Upper Limb? (3)

A
  • Cephalic Vein
  • Median Cubital Vein
  • Basilic Vein
35
Q

Lymphatic System: Lymph

A
  • Tissue Fluid
  • Plasma Proteins
  • WBCs, especially lymphocytes, the cells that attack bacteria in the blood
36
Q

Lymphatic System: Lymph Nodes

A
  • A small bean-shaped structure that is part of the body’s immune system
  • Filters with immune function
37
Q

Lymphatic System: Vessels

A
  • Drains lymph via network of vessels (valves) throughout the body
  • Return the fluid to the venous system through two collecting ducts
  • Run in one direction, towards heart
38
Q

What is Lymphoedema?

A

Tissue swelling caused by an accumulation of protein-rich fluid (interstitial fluid) that’s usually drained through the body’s lymphatic system

39
Q

Lymphatic System: Lymphoid Tissue

A
  • Lymphoid tissues are organised structures that support immune responses
  • Lymphoid tissue forms aggregations at body entrances (e.g. tonsils)
40
Q

5 Types of Lymphoid Tissues

A
  • Lymph Nodes
  • Tonsils
  • Spleen
  • Peyer’s Patches
  • Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT)
41
Q

What does the Pectoral Region consist of?

A
  • Superficial compartment containing skin
  • Superficial fascia
  • Breast tissue
  • Deep compartment containing muscles and associated structures
42
Q

What in the Pectoral Region anchors the upper limb to the trunk?

A
43
Q

What in the Pectoral Region anchors the upper limb to the trunk?

A
  • Sternoclavicular joint
  • Muscles
  • Ligaments
44
Q

Scapula: Acromion

A

Palpable bony shelf above shoulder

45
Q

Scapula: Coracoid Process

A

Palpable below the lateral clavicle

46
Q

Humerus: Greater Tubercle

A

More lateral on the humerus

47
Q

Humerus: Lesser Tubercle

A

On medial side of humerus

48
Q

Clavicle

A
  • S-shaped bone
  • Connects scapula to sternum
  • Acts as a strut supporting the upper limb
  • Transmits forces to axial skeleton
  • Most commonly broken bone
49
Q

Sternoclavicular Joint

A
  • Only joint between the upper limb and axial skeleton
  • Supported by the Costoclavicular Ligament
  • Functions as a synovial ball & socket joint
  • Dislocation is rare
50
Q

Acromioclavicular Joint

A
  • Clavicle and Scapula’s Acromion meet
  • Joint line passes from anterior to posterior
  • Supported by the Coracoacromial Ligament
  • Dislocation (shoulder separation) → visible deformity
  • Synovial plane joint Dislocation possible
51
Q

Coracoacromial Ligament

A
  • Supports the shoulder joint superiorly
  • Can be ruptured by superiorly directed forces
  • Can impinge on supraspinatus/subacromial bursa
52
Q

Clavicle Fracture

A
  • 3 Area: Lateral, Middle, Medial
  • Weakest point is junction between the middle & lateral thirds
  • Risk of fracture from a fall onto outstretched limb/ onto the lateral shoulder
53
Q

Pectoral Girdle Muscles: Pectoralis Major

What does it attach to? What nerve supplies it? Function?

A

• Adducts & medially rotates the shoulder
• Accessory breathing muscle
• Medial & Lateral Pectoral Nerve
• Attaches to the clavicle, sternum & adjacent costal cartilages and the lateral
lip of the intertubercular groove (humerus)

54
Q

Pectoral Girdle Muscles: Pectoralis Minor

What does it attach to? What nerve supplies it? Function? Shape?

A
  • Depresses & protracts the scapula
  • ‘Divides’ axillary artery into 3 parts
  • Medial Pectoral Nerve
  • Attaches to ribs 3-5 and the coracoid process
55
Q

Pectoral Girdle Muscles: Serratus Anterior

What does it attach to? What nerve supplies it? Function?

A
  • Protracts scapula (reaching out) & holds it close to the thoracic wall
  • Attaches to ribs 1-8 anteriorly and medial scapula border
  • Supplied by Long Thoracic Nerve
  • Allow you to do press ups without scapula winging
56
Q

Pectoral Girdle Muscles: Deltoid

What does it attach to? What nerve supplies it?

A
  • Attaches to lateral clavicle, acromion, scapula spine and humerus
  • Axillary nerve
57
Q

Pectoral Girdle Muscles: Trapezius

What does it attach to? Origins? Insertions? What nerve supplies it?

A

It originates on the occipital bone, the ligamentum nuchae, and the spinous processes of T01–T12

The trapezius inserts on the lateral third of the clavicle, as well as the acromion and scapular spine of the scapula

Accessory n. (CN XI)

58
Q

Pectoral Girdle Muscles: Trapezius Movement

A

Elevates, retracts and depresses the scapula

59
Q

Pectoral Girdle Muscles: Latissimus Dorsi

What does it attach to? Origins? Insertions? What nerve supplies it?

A

Origin is from spinous processes of thoracic T7–T12, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest and inferior 3 or 4 ribs, inferior angle of scapula

There is insertion on floor of intertubercular groove of the humerus

Thoracodorsal n.

60
Q

Pectoral Girdle Muscles: Latissimus Dorsi Movement

A
  • Extends, adducts and medially rotates humerus

* Can raise the trunk to the arm e.g.dips/climbing

61
Q

Pectoral Girdle Muscles: Rhomboid Major

What does it attach to? Origins? Insertions? What nerve supplies it?

A
  • Origin is T2-T5 Spinous Processes
  • Insertion on the medial border of the scapula
  • Dorsal scapula n.
62
Q

Pectoral Girdle Muscles: Rhomboid Minor

What does it attach to? Origins? Insertions? What nerve supplies it?

A
  • Nuchal ligaments and spinous processes of C7-T1
  • Medial border of scapula, superior to insertion of rhomboid major muscle
  • Dorsal scapula n.
63
Q

Pectoral Girdle Muscles: Rhomboid Major and Rhomboid Minor Movement

A

Retract & fix position of scapula

64
Q

Pectoral Girdle Muscles: Levator Scapulae

What does it attach to? Origins? Insertions? What nerve supplies it?

A
  • Origin from posterior tubercles of transverse spinal processes C1-C4
  • Insertion into superior part of medial border of the scapula
  • Dorsal scapula n. & C3-4
65
Q

Pectoral Girdle Muscles: Levator Scapulae Movement

A

Elevates & rotates scapula

66
Q

Pectoral Girdle Muscles: Teres Major

What does it attach to? Origins? Insertions? What nerve supplies it?

A
  • Origin is Lateral Border of Scapula
  • Insertion is Greater Tubercle of Humerus
  • Lower Subscapular n.
67
Q

Pectoral Girdle Muscles: Teres Major Movement

A

Adduction & medial rotation of humerus

68
Q

Pectoral Girdle Muscles: Serratus Anterior

What does it attach to? Origins? Insertions? What nerve supplies it?

A
  • Originates at the 1st to 8/9th Rib (mid anterior of ribs)
  • Insertion at the anterior surface of the medial border of the scapula
  • Long thoracic n.
69
Q

Pectoral Girdle Muscles: Serratus Anterior Movement

A
  • Protracts scapula (reaching out)

* Holds it close to the thoracic wall

Muscoskeletal System (15 decks)

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