Lecture 1.1: Intro to MSK Flashcards
How many bones is adult skeleton made of?
206
What is the break up of bone types in adults?
8 Cranial 6 Auditory Ossicles 14 Facial 26 Vertebral Column 26 Hyoid, Sternum & Ribs 64 Upper Limb 62 Lower Limb
How many cranial bones are there?
8
How many auditory ossicle bones are there?
6
How many facial bones are there?
14
How many vertebral bones are there?
26
How many upper limb bones are there?
64
How many lower limb bones are there?
64
How many hyoid, sternum and rib bones are there?
26
Function of Bone (6)
• Support – rigid framework
• Protection – enclose vital structures & viscera
• Body movement – anchoring attachments for most muscles;
act as levers with joints functioning as pivots when muscles
contract to cause movement
• Haemopoiesis – in red marrow
• Mineral storage – in bone matrix
• Lipid storage in emergencies – in yellow marrow
What types of matter are in bone?
Organic: Type I collagen confers flexibility and resistance to stress
Inorganic: Calcium hydroxyapatite crystals give strength
Classifications of Skeleton (2)
Axial
Appendicular
What is included in the Axial Skeleton? What is the main purpose?
Mainly protective
Bones lined up vertically along an axis for support
- Skull
- Vertebral Column
- Ribs
- Sternum
- Hyoid
What is included in the Appendicular Skeleton? What is the main purpose?
To provide motility
Everything that is not Axial Skeleton e.g. femur, fibula, tibia, humerus, ulna, radius
Classification of Bones (5)
- Long
- Short (cuboidal)
- Flat
- Irregular
- Sesamoid
What are Surface Markings of Bones?
They are various markings &/or irregularities (surface raised or roughened) found on bones where fascia, ligaments, tendons or aponeuroses are attached to bone
Surface Marking on Bone: Tuberosity
Roughened, rounded elevation
Surface Marking on Bone: Trochanter
Large projection of the femur
Surface Marking on Bone: Condyle
Large prominence or rounded surface
Surface Marking on Bone: Epicondyle
Smaller prominence above a condyle
Surface Marking on Bone: Tubercle
Smaller elevation
Surface Marking on Bone: Spine or Spinous Process
Slender projection
Surface Marking on Bone: Facet
Flattened surface for joint/muscle attachment
Surface Marking on Bone: Crest
Ridge
Surface Marking on Bone: Sinus
Hollow space
Surface Marking on Bone: Meatus
Tunnel or canal
Surface Marking on Bone: Fossa
Depression
Surface Marking on Bone: Foramen
Hole or opening
Surface Marking on Bone: Fissure
Narrow slit/cleft
Surface Marking on Bone: Notch
Large groove
What is a Joint?
A site where 2 or more skeletal elements come together (articulate)
Types of Joints: Fibrous
Virtually no movement
Types of Joints: Cartilaginous
No or minimal movement
Types of Joints: Synovial
Most found joint in the body
A variety of movements
Types of movement synovial joints can carry out (8)
- Flexion
- Extension
- Abduction
- Adduction
- Internal rotation
- External rotation
- Circumduction
- Gliding
Features of Synovial Joints
- Hyaline Cartilage
- Synovial Fluid
- Synovial Membrane
- Joint Capsule
Types of Synovial Joints (6)
- Hinge
- Saddle
- Plane
- Pivot
- Condyloid
- Ball & Socket
Synovial Joints: Hinge
Permit flexion & extension only
Synovial Joints: Saddle
Concave & convex joint surfaces
Synovial Joints: Plane
Permit gliding or sliding movements
Synovial Joints: Pivot
Rotation
Round bony process fits into a bony ligamentous socket
Synovial Joints: Condyloid
Permit flexion & extension, adduction, adduction & circumduction
Synovial Joints: Ball and Socket
Permit movement in several axes
A rounded head fits into a concavity
What 3 Factors does the stability of a joint depend on?
1) Shape, size & arrangement of articular surfaces
2) Ligaments
3) Muscle tone
What effect does shape, size & arrangement of articular surfaces have on the stability of a joint?
The shape of the bones help to dictate which movements it will allow
What effect do ligaments have on the stability of a joint?
- Prevent excessive movement
* If stresses continue, ligaments stretch e.g. arches of the foot
What effect does muscle tone have on the stability of a joint?
- Major factor
* Loss of tone = shoulder joint will dislocate e.g. rotator cuff muscles around shoulder
Structures around Joints: Ligaments
- Made of collagen
- Connect bone to bone
- Supports a joint
Structures around Joints: Tendons
- Made of collagen
* Attach muscle to bone
Structures around Joints: Bursa
- A fluid filled sac lined by synovial membrane
* Cushions at points of friction between bone and surrounding tissue
What is Hilton’s Law?
The sensory nerve supplying a joint also supplies the muscles moving the joint and the skin overlying the insertions of these muscles
Functions of Skeletal Muscle? (6)
- Movement
- Stability of joints
- Posture
- Mechanical efficiency of skeletal muscle = ~ 20%
- Heat generation
- Convert chemical energy to power mechanical work
Skeletal Muscle Shapes (7)
- Circular
- Convergent
- Parallel
- Unipennate
- Bipennate
- Multipennate
- Fusiform
If a nerve crosses a muscle it ….. it?
innervates
Hiltons Law: A nerve supplying a muscle also supplies … ……… …..?
the overlying skin
If a …… crosses a joint or more than one joint it acts on each one of them
muscle
Muscles …. not push (they ….. (shorten))
pull
contract
What are the 4 Muscle Groups?
- Agonists
- Antagonists
- Synergists
- Fixators
Muscle Groups: Agonists
Prime movers (main muscles responsible for a particular movement)
Muscle Groups: Antagonists
Oppose prime movers (agonists)
Muscle Groups: Synergists
Assist prime movers
Neutralise extra motion
Muscle Groups: Fixators
Stabilises action of prime mover
E.g. fixes non-moving joint when prime mover acting over two joints
Muscle Compartments (4)
Anterior (Extensor) Compartment
Lateral (Peroneal) Compartment
Deep Posterior Compartment (Flexor)
Superficial Posterior Compartment (Flexor)
What do muscles in the same muscle compartment share?
- Nerve supply
- Blood supply
- Function
