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Eval Science > lecture 4: study designs > Flashcards

lecture 4: study designs Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

observe the outcomes without intervening to affect them

A

observational study

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2
Q

The researcher manipulates the exposure (usually a drug or treatment) to compare it to the standard of care

A

Experimental studies

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3
Q

types of observational studies

A

cohort
case control
cross-section

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4
Q

Subjects are selected based their exposure status

A

Cohort studies

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5
Q

compares disease prevalence in the exposed and unexposed

A

Prospective cohort

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6
Q

begin with the exposure of interest and probe back for exposure information

A

Retrospective cohort

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7
Q

disadvantages of cohort studies

A

expensive
Inefficient for rare diseases
long follow up
Diagnostic trends

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8
Q

Subjects are selected based on their disease status

A

Case-Control Studies

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9
Q

Cases and controls should be different only on their past exposure

A

Case-Control Studies

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10
Q

Can demonstrate risk indicators and not risk factors due the retrospective nature of the study design

A

Case-Control Studies

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11
Q

The exposure has to be assessed retrospectively and the proportions of cases and controls who are exposed are unknown at the beginning of the study

A

Case-Control Studies

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12
Q

must have had an equal chance of being exposed case-control studies

A

cases and controls

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13
Q

Efficient for rare diseases

A

Case-coontrol studies

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14
Q

Inefficient for rare diseases

A

cohort studies

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15
Q

allow for the evaluation of multiple exposures that may increase risk for a specific disease

A

case-control

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16
Q

Cannot directly compute incidence of disease in exposed and non-exposed persons

A

case-control studies

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17
Q

Not optimal for rare exposures

A

case-control studies

18
Q

selection of subjects based on neither exposure or disease status

A

Cross-sectional Studies

19
Q

Most basic study design

A

Cross-sectional Studies

20
Q

Subject selected without regards to exposure or disease status

A

Cross-sectional Studies

21
Q

point-in-time” or “snapshots” information

A

Cross-sectional Studies

22
Q

Does not need explained etiologic objectives

A

Cross-sectional Studies

23
Q

Sampling and analytic methods provide for statistically valid inference to populations

A

advantages of cross sectional studies

24
Q

Exposure and disease are assessed at the individual level

A

advantages of cross sectional studies

25
Q

Temporality cannot be assessed

A

Cross-sectional Studies

26
Q

Randomized clinical trial and Community intervention trials

A

Experimental studies

27
Q

typical type of study used in clinical medicine

A

Randomized Clinical Trial (RCT)

28
Q

Are sub-types of cohort studies in which exposure (i.e., treatment) is randomly assigned by the investigator

A

Randomized Clinical Trial (RCT)

29
Q

The process by which each participant’s treatment is determined by some random mechanism

A

randomization of RCT’s

30
Q

minimizes confounding (known and unknown) results

A

randomized RCT’s

31
Q

create groups (experimental and control) that are not determined by any other factor other than by chance

A

using randomized RTC’s

32
Q

the investigator and/or the participant do not know what arm the participant is in

A

blinding in RCT’s

33
Q

the participant does not know but investigator does know treatment assignment

A

single blinded

34
Q

where neither participant nor investigator know treatment assignment

A

double blinded

35
Q

purpose of blinding

A

to remove bias or systematic error

36
Q

drawing different conclusions depending on their knowledge of which study arm particular participant is in

A

Information bias

37
Q

study recruiters can be eager to recruit “sick persons” into experimental arm

A

Selection bias

38
Q

Considerations in experimental studies

A

Stopping rules
Sample size
Analysis and Interpretation

39
Q

systematic complete summary of the literature

A

Systematic Review

40
Q

combined analysis of data from different studies following strict guidelines

A

Meta-analysis

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