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Eval Science > Biostatistics for Dentisrty > Flashcards

Biostatistics for Dentisrty Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Qualitative data is

A

discrete

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2
Q

Sensitive to extreme values

A

Means

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3
Q

Less sensitive to extreme values

A

Median

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4
Q

Measure of how much the individual data points vary around the mean

A

SD

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5
Q

Count of a given outcome or in each category

A

Frequency

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6
Q

count of a given outcome per hundred showing the proportion of each category out of the total

A

percentage

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7
Q

As X increases, Y increase has what type of linear value

A

postive

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8
Q

As X increases, Y decrease has what type of linear value

A

negative

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9
Q

What value can lie between -1 and +1

A

correlation coefficient

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10
Q

What is the same for correlation coefficient

A

r

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11
Q

The closer (r) is to -1 or +1 means what

A

strong correlation

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12
Q

The fraction of variation in Y explained by X

A

square of correlation

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13
Q

The (lower/higher) the r squared better fit to the regression line

A

higher

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14
Q

Usually states that there is NO difference between two groups being compared

A

Null hypothesis

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15
Q

States that there is no effect of a product or intervention

A

Null hypothesis

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16
Q

Hypothesis testing that is testing if there is no difference

A

Non-directional

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17
Q

Hypothesis testing that is comparing cases and controlled

A

directional

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18
Q

In this type of hystohesis testing the mean is the key data point, not the individual

A

Non-directional

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19
Q

In non-directional hypothesis testing what is the used

A

mean

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20
Q

Rejecting the null hypothesis that is actually true about the population is what type of error

A

Type I error

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21
Q

Type II error is related to

A

Power

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22
Q

The level of statistical significance is described as

A

alpha

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23
Q

alpha is commonly set at

A

0.05

24
Q

The maximum of incorrectly rejecting the null hypothesis when it is actually true

A

alpha

25
Q

Probability of making a type II error

A

Beta

26
Q

Failing to reject the null hypothesis that is actually false in the population

A

Type II error

27
Q

The probability of a type II error is described as

A

beta

28
Q

How is power calculated

A

1-beta

29
Q

Is related to the sample size used in the study

A

Power

30
Q

Is the probability, assuming that the null hypothesis is true, of seeing effect ad extreme or more extreme than by chance

A

P-Value

31
Q

Reject the null hypothesis if the p-value is what to alpha

A

less than or equal to

32
Q

Fail to reject the null hypothesis if the p-value is what to alpha

A

greater than

33
Q

The range of values about the sample statistic that we are confident that the true population parameter lies

A

confidence intervals

34
Q

Statistical test that can be used to determine whether the mean value of continuous outcome variable differs significantly between two independent groups

A

T-test

35
Q

Test that cannot be used for nominal data

A

T-Test

36
Q

Test that is used with numerical data

A

T-Test

37
Q

Test that compares two means

A

T-Test

38
Q

Assumes a approximate normal distribution of the variable of interest in the groups being compared

A

T-Test

39
Q

Used with yes or no answers

A

Chi-squared test

40
Q

Used with categorical data

A

Chi-squared test

41
Q

Can be used to compare the proportion of subjects in each of two groups who have dichotomous outcome

A

Chi-squared test

42
Q

Used when null hypothesis is “there is no difference . . .” vs. “there is a difference”

A

Chi-squared test

43
Q

Used when comparing two or more means

A

ANOVA

44
Q

Uses F-statistic

A

ANOVA

45
Q

if we fail to reject the null hypothesis in ANOVA means that all groups are

A

Equal

46
Q

Analysis of variance

A

ANOVA

47
Q

Probability that chance is responsible of an observed difference

A

statistical significance

48
Q

Are the findings important from a clinical standpoint?

A

Clinical significance

49
Q

Does a P -value say anything about clinical relevance or quality of study

A

No

50
Q

Do statistics tell us about causality

A

NO

51
Q

Systematic error in the design, conduct or analysis of a study that results in a mistaken estimate of an exposures effect on a disease

A

Bias

52
Q

Systematic error in selecting subjects into one or more of the study groups based on their status

A

selection bias

53
Q

Errors in procedures for gathering relevant information

A

information bias

54
Q

situation in wich a non-causal association between a given exposure and an outcome is observed as a result of the influence of a third variable

A

confounding

55
Q

Can lead to conclusions a causal relationship when in fact there is none

A

confounding

56
Q

confounding is not

A

all or none

Eval Science (3 decks)

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