Lecture 4- Reward and punishment

Question 1

What are sanctions?

Answer 1

rewards or punishments

Question 2

What are centralized sanctions?

Answer 2

Formal and institutionalized

Question 3

What are decentralized sanctions?

Answer 3

Informal, self-organized

Question 4

How does the public goods game work?

Answer 4

Participanten hebben X amount of money. Ze kunnen besluiten om het te houden of in pot te doen. In pot wordt vermenigvuldigd met bedrag en daarna verdeeld onder de participanten.

Question 5

Wanneer is er sprake van een free rider in een public goods game?

Answer 5

Als alle andere participanten alles geven, en 1 niks. De enkele gaat er dan veel meer op vooruit dan de groep

Question 6

Wat gebeurde er in de sanction en geen sanction conditie in het experiment van Ferh en Gächter uit 2002?

Answer 6

Geen sanction: Als er een free rider in de groep zat, werd de wil om samen te werken steeds kleiner (ookal zat de free rider niet meer in de groep)
Wel sanction: Mensen waren bereid om free riders te straffen, ondanks de kosten die dit meebracht. Samenwerking ging elke ronde omhoog

Question 7

Wat gebeurt er als er sanctions mogelijk zijn in een gemixte groep?

Answer 7

Dan is er sprake van dubbele standaarden, waar er zwaardere en meer straffen uitgedeeld worden aan de outgroup dan aan de ingroup, dit leidt tot minder samenwerking

Question 8

Wat zijn de effecten van beloning op instrinsic motivatie?

Answer 8

Beloning heeft een negatief effect op intrinsic motivatie, behalve in het geval van verbale beloning (complimenten) of wanneer de beloning onverwachts/ niet afhankelijk van een taak is

Question 9

What happens when the option to sanction is removed for round 2 of the public goods game?

Answer 9

There is less trust in others being internally motivated to cooperate which leads to less cooperation. Especially among high-trusters. This is the same for the strong/weak/no punishment and reward/punishment/ no punishment condition

Question 10

What is the effect of moral appeals on cooperation?

Answer 10

It seems to enhance cooperation, even after its removal. It isnt quite clear how generalizable it is.

Question 11

What are moral appeals about? (4)

Answer 11

1. About should/ should not do
2. Relate to moral values/ foundation
3. Strongly predict behavior
4. Perceived as universal, but are not!

Question 12

What are some side-effects of sanctions? (3)

Answer 12

1. Sanctions can undermine intrinsic motivation
2. Sanctions can undermine trust
3. These both can hamper cooperation after removal of the sanctions

Question 13

What is the effect of sanctions on the perception of social dilemma situations (with weak punishment situations)

Answer 13

Without sanction the decisions are seen as an ethical decision, whereas with sanctions it is more so seen as a business decision

Question 14

What was the effect of a social trilemma, with an alternative defect option added?

Answer 14

Without sanction not many people chose the alternative option. But with the sanction, 3x more people chose the alternative option (0.05 vs 1.76). Cooperation still increased compared to no sanction

Question 15

What motives are there to administer punishment? (2)

Answer 15

1. Deterrence motive: to deter future rule-breaking
2. Just-deserts motive: to restore justice

Question 16

What happens to the trust when people have power?

Answer 16

More power –> more distrust –> more deterrence. Distrust increases belief people need to be deterred with punishment from breaking the rules. Dont trust people to do the right thing themselves

Question 17

What is the result of distrust in people with power? (2)

Answer 17

1. More public punishment
2. More punishment with mandatory minimum

Question 18

What punishment do employees prefer? And employers?

Answer 18

Employees: Punishment that restores justice
Employers: punishment that deters

Question 19

What is the result of the imbalance between employees and employers preference in punishment? (3)

Answer 19

1. Installed punishment policies may misalign with what employees consider fair or just
2. It may elicit negative attitudes toward punishers
3. It may reduce compliance

Question 20

What are determinants that foster sanctioning? (2)

Answer 20

1. Motives shape the use of sanctions
2. Emotions generally fuel the willingness to sanction

Question 21

What is the do-no-harm principle?

Answer 21

People are reluctant to harm others. Not a problem in rewarding