Lecture 4 prt2 Flashcards
What is the PERMA model, and who developed it?
PERMA is a model of well-being developed by Seligman (2012), consisting of Positive Emotion, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning, and Accomplishment.
Why is present-moment focus important?
Present-moment focus helps reduce negative thinking patterns and enhances attention, reducing stress and increasing overall well-being.
What did Carrier et al. (2015) study?
Carrier et al. (2015) studied media multitasking, exploring why people engage in it and its effects on cognitive functions.
What did Ophir et al. (2009) find about media multitasking?
They found that increased media multitasking is associated with greater attention lapses and difficulty filtering out irrelevant information.
How does media multitasking affect task-switching ability?
According to Chiu & Egner (2017) and Ophir et al. (2009), media multitasking increases switch costs, making task-switching less efficient.
What was found about university students’ media multitasking in class?
Clayson & Haley (2013) found that texting during class predicted worse overall grades. Ravizza et al. (2017) found that students spent 37% of class time browsing unrelated content, which negatively impacted test scores.
What was the key finding of Adair et al. (2018) on mindfulness in relationships?
Participants who scored higher on the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (Baer et al., 2006) were perceived as more responsive by their partners, leading to higher relationship satisfaction.
What are the five components of mindfulness?
1) Present-Moment Awareness, 2) Non-judgmental Stance, 3) Non-reactivity, 4) Acceptance, 5) Beginner’s Mind.
What is the purpose of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ)?
Developed by Baer et al. (2006), it measures five dimensions of mindfulness: observing, describing, acting with awareness, non-judging of inner experience, and non-reactivity to inner experience.
What is the Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) and who developed it?
Developed by Brown & Ryan (2003), MAAS is a unidimensional measure of mindfulness focusing primarily on present-moment attention.
What psychological benefits are associated with trait mindfulness?
Tomlinson et al. (2018) and Weinstein et al. (2009) found that higher trait mindfulness is linked to increased well-being, decreased negative affect, lower perceived stress, and reduced symptoms of depression and anxiety.
How does trait mindfulness impact interpersonal relationships?
Jones et al. (2019) found that mindful individuals are less likely to ostracize others and more likely to include those being excluded, even when controlling for empathy and distress.
What are two types of mindfulness research?
1) Trait mindfulness research (dispositional mindfulness), 2) Mindfulness interventions (structured programs to enhance mindfulness).
What is the Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) program?
Developed by Kabat-Zinn (1982), MBSR is an 8-week program with weekly 2.5-hour meetings, a day-long retreat, and daily mindfulness practices like meditation, body scans, and yoga.
What physical health benefits are associated with mindfulness interventions?
Creswell et al. (2014) found that MIs help decrease pain, improve coping, and enhance functioning for those with chronic pain conditions.
What did Barrett et al. (2018) find about mindfulness and immune function?
Compared to a no-treatment group, participants who underwent an 8-week mindfulness intervention had fewer acute respiratory illness days and shorter illness duration during cold and flu season.
What did Malarkey et al. (2013) find about mindfulness and inflammation?
Compared to a lifestyle-education intervention, an 8-week mindfulness program reduced chronic inflammation markers in individuals with or at risk for cardiovascular disease.
How did Creswell et al. (2016) study mindfulness and stress?
They compared a mindfulness intervention to a relaxation intervention in stressed job-seekers and found that mindfulness significantly reduced markers of chronic inflammation.
What are the cognitive benefits of mindfulness interventions?
Mindfulness interventions improve sustained attention, working memory, and problem-solving skills.
What is the difference between monitoring and acceptance in mindfulness?
Lindsay et al. (2018) found that mindfulness interventions that emphasize both monitoring experiences and accepting them led to greater stress reduction compared to monitoring alone.
Which brain regions are involved in mindfulness?
1) Insula - increased activation for interoceptive awareness. 2) Prefrontal Cortex - increased activation for emotion regulation and attentional control. 3) Amygdala - decreased activation, reducing stress and fear responses.
What was the focus of Kirk et al. (2015) in mindfulness research?
They compared meditators and non-meditators, using a monetary incentive delay task to show that mindfulness enhances interoceptive awareness.
What were the key findings of Kral et al. (2018) regarding emotion regulation?
They found that long-term meditators had greater prefrontal cortex activation and lower amygdala activation in response to emotionally charged images.
What is savoring, and what does it do?
Savoring is the process of up-regulating positive emotions by focusing on positive stimuli, increasing present and future well-being.
