Lecture 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Can negative Emotions can be helpful?
A
True, negative emotions can be helpful, or adaptive, we can’t block them all the time
2
Q
Does everything psychologists consider to be “positive” make us happy?
A
No, Eudemonic pleasure. Sometimes It’s about meaningfullness
3
Q
What did Fredrickson and Losanda find in 2005 about positivity ratio?
A
- People who have higher psychological functioning, have a 3:1 postivity to negative ratio
- anything below 3:1 people weren’t doing soo well
- mental health was assesed by psychological, social functioning, mastery
4
Q
Why do positive Emotions Matter?
For personality
A
- it feels good to experience positive emotions
- positive emotions shape our personlaties
- personalities shaped through what is positivley reinforced
- you enjoy books
- join a book club
- meet more people who like books
- because you enjoyed reading
5
Q
Most themes of hapiness relate to?
A
- family
- career
- fitness, health
6
Q
What positive emotions relate to good outcomes?
A
- longevity
- phsysical health
- conginitive outcomes
- social relationships
7
Q
What is a postive affectivness experience?
A
- sensations- matter of seconds
- emotions- minutes to hours
- moods- hours to weeks
- traits - decades
Hapiness is a subjective experience
8
Q
Sensations of pleasure
A
- fleeting positive experiences from raw data in environment
- touch, you get a massage
- tate- eating a chocolate
9
Q
What are emotions
A
- Characterstic pattern of physiological arousal, thoughts, and behaviours
- ex. getting angry, you feel tense, and heart rate rises
Typically begin in response to some internal or external event
10
Q
What happens when people recall road rage incident?
A
- positive emotion decreases, then does back to basline
- negative emotions increase, then go back to baseline
11
Q
What did Cown et al 2020 find about music
A
it envokes at least 13 emotions
- characterized in diffrent music slips
12
Q
What is the circumplex model of emotions?
A
Emotions involve two dimension
- valence and arousal
- emotions on opposite sides tend to be negativley correlated
- emotions on opposite sides are negativley correlated
13
Q
Where is hapiness located on the Circumplex model of emotion?
A
In the middle between arousal and unaroused
Hapiness is a meduim level of arousal
14
Q
What is the Scale of Positive and Negative Experiences? (SPANE)
A
- list how often you experience feeling over 4 weeks
- subjective wellbeing
- positive feeling and neg feeling score
- the more baalnced, the more positive you feel
15
Q
What is the Postive and negative Affect schedule? (PANAS)
A
- add positive and neg scores
- asses the affective side of hedonic wellbeing
Could be used on scale of weeks to days, months etc
16
Q
What are the diffrences between PANAS and SPANE?
A
- PANAS is more specific
- SPANE has direct opposites
- PANAS items are higher arouasal ex. active jittery
- amount of time (SPANE) vs. intesnity of feeling (PANAS)
17
Q
What is a mood?
A
- Longer emotion
- global sense of wether you are feeling postive or negative
18
Q
What can moods influence?
A
- Provocation and modulation of emotion
19
Q
What is provocation of emotion?
A
- stimuli that trigger emotional reactions, shaping how we perceive and respond to situations.
20
Q
What is Modulation of an emotion?
A
the processes through which individuals regulate emotional responses to maintain psychological well-being
21
Q
How do mood and emotion interact?
A
- It’s easier to pin point emotion, hard to idenitfy a mood
- varrying emotion within a mood
- If you miss the bus while in a good mood, you’re less likley to feel bad
22
Q
What are positive personality traits
A
- state: in the momment positivity
- trait- long term positivity
23
Q
What is positive affectivity?
A
- One’s trait like tendency to experience positive emotion
more positive person has higher positive affectivity
24
Q
What is negative affectivity?
A
- feeling negative
- indpendant from negative affectivity
- You can still feel positive overall, but be negative in the momment
- but if you are negative in the momment you are less lijley to feel positive in the momment
25
What is the big five model?
Openess - creative
Conscientiousness - ambitious
extraversion
agreeableness - supporting
neuroticism
26
What are functions of positive and negative emotions?
**- positive affevtive experiences **- increase approach behavious - explore more, repeat behavious
**- negative affective experiences** - increase avoidance behaviour - dislike a food, eat less
27
Specific function of Negative Emotions
Behavioural action tendencies
- anxiety fear - avoid stimulus
- shame or guilt - make amends
- sadness - more social support
- anger- show power
28
Can anger be useful?
- People negotiated with seller
- the buyer was a confederate
- when the buyer was angry they gave a bigger discount
- when the buyer was happy, seller made more
| Being angry is beneficail but not worth long term to be angry
## Footnote
You concede more for people in angry state
29
Specific Functions
- Positive Emotions broaded thinking about possible actions
- with JOY - urge ot be creative
- instrest urge to learn and explore
- pride- share accomplishment and exapnt sucessess
30
Narrowing of Attention from weapon focus study
- participants watvhed fils of simulated crimes with a gun present
- when gun was fired, they remeber the details of crime worse
- we don't pick up as much details
31
Thinking boradly study
- participants either watched a cute video of penguins or mean video of bullying
- the performed the global local task
- do you focus on the shape? or what the shape is made of?
- global selcetion would be correlational with positive emotions (seeing what it's made of)
32
Thinking broadly study 2
Affect Induction
- had positive, neg, and neutral pictures
-visouspatial task to determine gender
- people pick up more details about the house when in a better mood
| Positive Emotions broadens attention
33
When we experiece positive emotion there is increased activity in which part of the brain?
- parahippocampl place
34
Broaden and Build results in?
- feeling more pride
- engage in more action
- build up resources
- feel joy
- build social resources
35
What happens when people wrote what action they wanted to do after watching a postive video?
- they wrote more for what they want to do
36
What was the Nun study?
- people recruited nuns and asked them to write short autobiographical sketch as part of vows
- people idneitified how many postive, negative, and neural words were used
- people who gave alot more positive words, lived longer
37
How much longer did nuns who used positve words live
9.4 years
38
How much longer did nuns who use positive sentenes live?
6.9 years
39
What strengths and limitations of Nun study?
- good level of internal validity
- all female with similar lifestyles
- logitidal study
- lower external validity
- very few negative emotion in autiobographies, maybe to impress the person reading it
40
How do positive emotions impact mortality?
Meta-analyses show positive emotions = longer life 🌿⏳
Protective effect on both men & women (Martín-María et al., 2017)
Lowers mortality independent of negative emotions (Chida & Steptoe, 2008)
41
What did the UK study find about hapiness and mortality?
- The people who were unhappy had higher rates of mortality
- Once health & lifestyle were accounted for, the link disappeared.
42
When men "felt active what happened?
The scored higher on positive affect score of PANAS
- and lower mortality
43
What happened when men scored low on "I feel active"?
They had a higher mortality rate
44
What is the Undoing hypothesis?
- negative emotions have phsyiological effect
- if you watched a happy clip, you heart rate took a shorter maount of time to drop
- than if you watched a sad clip, your heart would take longer to drop
45
What does the undoing hypothesis argue?
Watching something positive undoes stress
- if men can express positive emotion, it decreases chance of cardio vascular disease
46
Protective phsyiologial Effects of positivity?
- people who were more positive got less sick, when mucus was measured
47
What is a Duchenne Smile?
- Theorized to represent authentic hapiness
- invloves contraction of AU6
- "smiling with your eyes"
48
What was the Grin and Bear it study?
- particpants had to trace a star through mirror with non dominant hand
- and got tricked into thinking they were doing horribly, to increase stress
- and the other group put hand in ice bucket
- One group had a chopsticks in their mouth during hte test
49
What happned in the Grin and Bare it study?
- people who smiled during the stressors, had their heart rate lower quicker than those who didn't smile
50
What was the study on baseball players who smiled?
- Baseball players who smiled lived longer than those who didn't smile or partial smiled
51
Why are lottery winners not that much happy compared to non lottery winners?
- positive feelings dont persist
- while negative feeling persist
52
What did the Brickman Lottery study find?
- accident victims were more hopeful about the future
- and they beleived there were happier in the past
53
What is Hedonic adpatation?
- Good things happen, then we go back ot baseline
- bad things happen then we go back to baseline
54
What is the Hedonic treadmill?
- continiously trying to increase hapiness
- but you're always stuck in one place
- you always return to baseline
55
Does making money make you happier?
yes, only when you make less than 75,000. Once you make more than 75,000 it doens't make you happier
56
Having more money increases___
Life satisfaction
57
What is the Easterlin paradox?
- levels of hapiness to GDP
- while GDP increased, hapiness stayed the same or decreased
58
In the easterlin Paradox, why did hapiness decrease even though GDP increased?
- things got more expensive, people wanted more
- realtive income, costs, inflation
- lower social captia, very isloated, less connection
- decrease in health care
59
Does how you spend your money matter?
yes, we have a greater adaption to products rather than experiences.
- we feel more happy when we spend money on expriences
- and spending on money on things that save us time
- 407 tolls
60
What are the biggest contributing factors to World hapiness?
GDP
61
