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Pathology 4 > Lecture 4 - Pathologies of the Female Reproductive System > Flashcards

Lecture 4 - Pathologies of the Female Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

define ‘PMS’

A

severe physical and emotional distress that occurs during the postovulatory (luteal) phase of female reproductive cycle

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2
Q

what are 5 of the major PMS symptoms? (has wide variety)

A 
mood swings,
tender breasts, 
food craving,
fatigue,
irritability/depression
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3
Q

and estimated ______ menstruating women experience some form of PMS

A

3 of every 3

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4
Q

what age do PMS symptoms tend to peak?

A

late 20’s, early 30’s

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5
Q

what are 3 conditions related to menstrual abnormalities?

A
  1. amenorrhea (absence of menstruation)
  2. dysmenorrhea (pain associated with menstruation)
  3. menorrhagia (metrorrhagia)
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6
Q

what can cause amenorrhea?

A

hormonal imbalance or extreme weight loss/low body fat

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7
Q

what can cause dysmenorrhea?

A 
uterine tumor (benign), 
ovarian cysts, 
endometriosis, 
IUD (severe enough pain to prevent normal functioning)
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8
Q

define ‘menorrhagia/metrorrhagia’

A

abnormal uterine bleeding

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9
Q

what does the female athlete triad consist of?

A

amenhorrhea,
disordered eating
premature osteoporosis

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10
Q

what is endometriosis characterized by?

A

growth of endometrial tissue OUTSIDE the uterus - tissue enters pelvic cavity via open uterine tubes

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11
Q

what are some locations that endometrial tissues maybe found - outside of the uterus?

A 
ovaries, 
surface of uterus,
sigmoid colon, 
pelvic and abdominal lymph nodes,
cervix,
abdominal wall, 
kidneys, 
urinary bladder
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12
Q

with endometrosis, since tissues outside the uterus cannot be shed with normal menses, what does the body do with it?

A

the body encapsulates extra uterine endometrial tissue with connective tissue resulting in cysts

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13
Q

with endometriosis, tissues respond to hormonal changes by ______

A

proliferating then breaking down and bleeding

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14
Q

what are the hypothesized etiology of endometriosis?

A

retrograde endometrium flow through uterine tubes or circulatory/lymph dissemination

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15
Q

___% of women have some endometrial cells in _____ during menstruation; not all have _____

A

90%,
peritoneum
endometriosis

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16
Q

what are 3 main SSx of endometriosis?

A

menstrual irregularities,
dysmenorrhea (pain with cycle)
infertility

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17
Q

what are 4 complications of endometriosis?

A

adhesions/deposits of fibrous CT (cyst),
obstruction of uterine tubes - ectopic pregnancy,
anemia,
uterine hyperplasia

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18
Q

what are 2 ways to diagnose endometriosis?

A

laparoscopy (inserted through abdominal wall to view organs in abdomen/permit surgical procedure)
MRI (ultrasound is not accurate)

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19
Q

what are the main goals in regards to treatment of endometriosis?

A

relieve pain,
stop progression/prevent new growths,
maintain/restore fertility (if desired) - limit symptoms long enough for successful pregnancy

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20
Q

what are 3 treatment approaches to endometriosis?

A

pain killers,
hormone therapy,
lasers for electro-cauterization for ablation of growths (to remove adhesions)

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21
Q

define ‘ovarian cysts’

A

fluid-filled sacs or packets within or on surface of an ovary

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22
Q

majority of ovarian cysts ____ without treatment within a few months

A

disappear

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23
Q

what are 2 grafian follicle components that relate to the etiology of ovarian cysts?

A

the grafian follicle does not:

rupture or heal normally (LH imbalances)

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24
Q

what are 5 types of ovarian cysts?

A
  1. follicular cysts
  2. corpus luteum cysts
  3. endometriomas
  4. cystadenomas
  5. teratomas/dermoid cysts
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25
Q

what is the MOST common type of ovarian cyst?

A

follicular cysts

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26
Q

how does a follicular cyst occur?

A

graffian follicle does not rupture completely (remains filled with follicular fluid) and a “blister” forms at site

27
Q

follicular cysts maybe 2-3 inches in size and can spontaneously resolve within _____

A

2 cycles

28
Q

how does a corpus luteum cyst occur?

A

if the ovulated follicle transforms into a corpus luteum but does not involute and transform into a fibrotic corpus albicans, its cavity could fill in with fluid leading to corpus luteum cyst

29
Q

what outflow does the corpus luteum cyst block?

A

hormone outflow

30
Q

corpus luteum cysts creates ______ symptoms until resolution in about 2-3 months

A

pregnancy-resembling

31
Q

corpus luteum cysts can cause bleeding into _____

A

peritoneum

32
Q

what are endometriomas colloquially called?

A

chocolate cysts

33
Q

what are endometriomas filled with?

A

brownish-red viscous fluid derived from decomposed blood

34
Q

are cystadenomas benign or malignant?

A

usually benign but can change

35
Q

teratomas/demoid cysts can contain what?

A

primative cells from elsewhere in body - common locations are ovaries and testicles

36
Q

how common is ovarian cancers in regards to death caused by gynecologic cancer and overall cancers in women, respectively?

A 
#1 cause of death for gynecologic cancers (second most common occurrence)
#4 most common cancer causing death in women
37
Q

what is another name for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)?

A

stein-leventhal syndrome

38
Q

what are 3 characteristics of PCOS?

A

elevated level of male hormones (androgens/testosterone)
infrequent or absent ovulation = anovulation
acne/hirsutism

39
Q

what are 2 major factors that cause PCOS?

A

genetic and environmental factors

40
Q

PCOS can impact metabolism, leading to metabolic syndrome which is a combination of?

A

truncal obesity, elevated lipids, impaired glucose tolerance

41
Q

what are 2 treatment approaches for PCOS?

A

hormonal therapy and surgery

42
Q

how can large cysts present?

A

back pain that can radiate into legs

43
Q

what are complications that can occur if an ovarian cyst grows large enough?

A

can interfere with blood flow or rest on bladder

44
Q

when does a ovarian cyst become a medical emergency?

A

when there is torsion, rupture of a large cyst

45
Q

which grouping of females is the risk of ovarian cyst malignancy much higher?

A

premenarchal girls or postmenopausal women

46
Q

what are 3 treatment approaches for ovarian cysts?

A

for follicular and corpus luteum cyst - use of oral contraceptives;
aspiration;
surgery, if needed

47
Q

what medication is used to improve SSx of PCOS?

A

metformin

48
Q

what is metformin?

A

diabetes medication sometimes used for lowering blood sugar levels in women with PCOS

49
Q

how does metformin help women with PCOS?

A

helps regulate menstrual cycles,
starts ovulation,
lowers the risk of miscarriage

50
Q

define ‘uterine prolapse’

A

uterus slips down into or protrudes out of the vagina

51
Q

what group of females are most often affected by uterine prolapse?

A

postmenopausal women who’ve had one or more vaginal deliveries

52
Q

what can cause a uterine prolapse?

A
  1. pregnancy/delivery related issues: delivery of large baby or difficult delivery
  2. weakened pelvic mm/supporting structures (aging)
  3. pelvic tumors
  4. neurological conditions (MS)
  5. less estrogen circulating after menopause
53
Q

what are 2 types of uterine prolapse?

A
  1. mild: presents with no signs or symptoms

2. moderate to severe

54
Q

what are SSx of moderate to severe uterine prolapse symptoms?

A

sensation of heaviness/pulling in pelvis,
tissue protruding from vagina,
urinary problems (ex leakage or reduced retention),
trouble having bowel movements,
low back pain,
feeling like sitting on small ball or something is falling out of vagina

55
Q

what is a complication of uterine prolaspe?

A

ulcers

56
Q

what are 2 pelvic organs, besides the uterus that can prolapse?

A

urinary bladder and rectocele

57
Q

define ‘cystocele’

A

prolapsed urinary bladder bulges into front part of vagina (leading to difficulty urinating and increased risk of UTI)

58
Q

define ‘ rectocele’

A

prolapsed rectum budging into dorsal part of vagina (leading to difficulty having bowel movement)

59
Q

what are 3 treatment options for uterine prolapse?

A
  1. self care measures (pelvic floor strengthening, maintain healthy weight, avoid heavy lifting)
  2. advanced cases: vaginal pessary (holds uterus in place)
  3. surgery
60
Q

what % of all malignant tumors are gynecologic malignan lesions?

A

15%

61
Q

what % of all cancer deaths in women are caused by gynecologic malignancy?

A

10%

62
Q

what age are tumors of the female reproductive system most common?

A

older than 35

63
Q

is carcinoma of the vulva rare or common?

A

relatively rare

Pathology 4 (4 decks)

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