Lecture 4 - Neck

Question 1

name the 4 layers of the neck

Answer 1

1. epidermis-epithelium-
2. dermis- dense connective tissue-
3. superficial fascia- subcutaneous tissue
4. deep fascia-

Question 2

what are the qualities of Epidermis and dermis

Answer 2

Epidermis= inert/ waterproof/ non vascular

Dermis= vascular/ lymphatics/ innervated/ strenghtens & nourishs the epithelium

Question 3

what are the qualities of Superficial fascia and deep fascia

Answer 3

Superficial fascia= distributes vessels & nerves/ allows skin mobility/ insulation

Deep fascia= separates deep structures from superfial ones/strong and protective

Question 4

what does subcutaneous mean ?

Answer 4

sub= deep

cutaneous= skin

Question 5

describe deep fascia in the neck.

Answer 5

structures in the neck are compartmentalised in tubes

the conntectiing tubes run between the mediastinum of the base of the skull

Question 6

how does infection spread in the neck and how is it prevented?

Answer 6

infection spreads within fasical compartments- by opening up potential spaces between the layers of fascia

Deepfascial prevents the spread of infection to different compartments.

Question 7

what does the superficial fascia contain name 4 ?

Answer 7

1. sensory nerves
2. platysma muscle
3. blood vessels- superficial veins
4. lymphatic vessels superficial lymph nodes

Question 8

what are the 4 sensory nerves of the cervical plexus?

what do they innervate?

Answer 8

1. Lesser Occipital nerve (C2)-
2. Great Auricular nerve (C2/C3)
3. Transverse Cervical nerve (C2/C3)
4. Supercalvicular nerve (C4)

innervate the skin where they leave the skin and superficial fascia and pierce deep fascia to reach the spinal cord.

Question 9

what is the cervical plexus ?

Answer 9

it is a group of nerves intertwined which form the plexus . the cervical plexus is the anterior rami of C2-C4 spinal nerves.

Question 10

what is the nerve point?

Answer 10

this is where the cervical plexus nerves go deep posterior to the middle of ther sternocleidomastoid muscles’ posterior bored.

Question 11

where is the platysma located?

Answer 11

superficial fascia of the face and neck

Question 12

what crainal nerve supplies the muscles of facial express ?

and name the branch of the nerve that supplies the platysma ?

Answer 12

facial nerve- cn7

cervical branch

Question 13

where are the superficial veins of the neck ?

Answer 13

in the superficial fascia of the neck

Question 14

lable the diagram with the veins

external jugular vein

posterior auricular vein

retromandibular vein

facial vein

common facial vein

anterior jugular vein

subclavian vein

superficial jugular communicating vein

internal jugular vein

Answer 14

Question 15

what is deep cervical fascia made from ?

what are the layers and how many are there?

Answer 15

fibrous connective tissue.

three layers

1. investing layer
2. pretracheal layer
3. prevertrebral layer

Question 16

location of the investing layer of the deep cerical fascia ?

what 2 muscles does it contain ?

what 2 glands does it enclose?

Answer 16

deep to the superficial fascia

sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles

submandiublar and parotid gland

Question 17

Pretracheal layer of deep cervical fascia consists of ….(2)

Answer 17

visceral part- thyroid gland/trachea/ oesophagus

muscular part-encloses the strap muscles.

Question 18

the prevertebral layers of deep cervical fascia

enclose what?

Answer 18

postural muscles and cercical vertebrae

and 2 separate tubes called the right and left Carotid sheaths.

Question 19

what are the carotid sheaths ?

Answer 19

tubular fascial bandages that run the full lenght of the neck

Question 20

what do the carotid sheaths connect?

Answer 20

the superior mediastinum to the juglar foraminae and the carotid canals

Question 21

what major vessels do the catoid sheaths contain name 4 ?

Answer 21

1. internal jugular vein
2. carotid arteries
3. vagus nerves (CN10
4. deep cervical chain of the lymph nodes and the lymphatics

Question 22

what is the retropharngeal space?

Answer 22

between pretracheal (bucconpharyngeal fascia) & prevertebral fasciae