Lecture 4 Motivation

Question 1

Meaningful work

Answer 1

Subjective experience of existential significance resulating from the fit between the individual and work

Question 2

Job Demands Resource Theory

Answer 2

• Proposes although every organization is unique, all work environments can be characterized in terms of job demands and job resources
• Assumes employee health and well-being result from a balance between positive (resources) and negative (demands) job characteristics
• Assumes any demand and any resource may affect employee health and well-being

Question 3

Public service motivation

Answer 3

general altruistic motivation to serve the interests of a community of people, a state, a nation or humanity

Question 4

Work organisations 3.0

Answer 4

• places where humans can enriched their lives beyond financial gain
• Humans are not viewed as resources but departments like Human & Organization departments
• Goals of organization and quality of human lives are equally valuable

Question 5

Job performance

Answer 5

• the capacity to perform
• the opportunity to perform
• the willingsness to perform

Question 6

The capacity to perform

Answer 6

Possession of task-relevant skills, abilities, knowledge and experience

Question 7

The opportunity to perform

Answer 7

due to poor equipment, outdated technology, poor decisions and outdated attitudes

Question 8

the willingness to perform

Answer 8

the degree an individual desires and is willing to exert toward attaining job performance

Question 9

3 components of motivaton

Answer 9

1. direction: what an individual chooses
2. intensity: the strength of the response
3. persistence: staying power of behavior; how long a person will continue to devote effort

Question 10

Needs

Answer 10

deficiencies that an individual experiences at a particular point in time

Question 11

3 main areas that affect employee motivation

Answer 11

1. organizational issues: compensation, benefits, career opportunities and company reputation
2. job issues: work schedules, opportunities to learn new skills, challenging work
3. leader issues: trustworthiness of supervisor, good motivators and coaches

Question 12

Content approach to motivation

Answer 12

focuses on factors within the person that energize, direct, sustain and stop behavior. These factors can only be inferred

Question 13

Process approach to motivation

Answer 13

describes, explains, and analyzes how behaviour is energized, directed, sustained and stopped

Question 14

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Answer 14

five categories of human needs dictate individual’s behaviour
needs are arranged in a hierarchy
physiological > safety > social > esteem > self actualisation

Question 15

Points in Maslow’s thinking

Answer 15

1. a satisfied need ceases to motivate
2. unsatisfied needs cause frustration, conflict and stress > undesirable performance outcomes
3. assuming people have a need to grow and develop, strive up the hierarchy, may not be true

Question 16

Herzberg Dual Factor Theory

Answer 16

Two factors who both need to be present:
1. Hygiene factors (dissatisfiers): exterinsic conditions
2. Motivators (satisfiers): intrinsic conditions that make job meaningful and satisfying

Question 17

Hygiene factors HDFT

Answer 17

salary, job security, working conditions, quality of interpersonal relations

Question 18

Motivators HDFT

Answer 18

achievement, recognition, responsibility, possibility to growth

Question 19

HDFT: no job dissatisfaction, high job satisfaction

Answer 19

managers should continue to assign challenging tasks and transfer accountability

Question 20

HDFT: no job dissatisfaction, no job satisfaction

Answer 20

managers should apply job enrichment: building challenge, responsibility, recognition and growth opportunities

Question 21

Expectancy theory of Victor Vroom

Answer 21

employees adjust their behavior based on the expectation of result of that behavior will be
motivation = expectancy x intrumentality x valence

Question 22

expectancy VVT

Answer 22

does hard work affect performance

Question 23

instrumentality

Answer 23

are personal consequences linked to my performance

Question 24

valence

Answer 24

do I value the consequences/rewards available to me, some value extrinsic outcomes, other intrinsic outcomes