Lecture 4: Leadership

Question 1

difference between leaders and managers

Answer 1

Leader

•Innovates•Understands the big picture•Challenges the state of affairs•Looks for opportunities to develop strengths

Question 2

1st wave of the leadership (60’s)

Answer 2

Leadership: Trait theories
•Differentiating leaders from non-leaders by focusing on personal qualities
•“Personality predicts leadership —who we are is how we lead” (Hogan & Kaiser, 2005, p. 169)
- also includes BIG 5 personality thaits theory

Question 3

What traits contribute to leadership emergence and leadership effectiveness

Answer 3

Emergence: 1. Openness (.21) 2. extraversion (.3) 3. Consenseusness (.36)
Effectivness: Openness (.19) 2. extraversion (.18) 3. Consenseusness (.12)

Question 4

2nd wave (the 60s to 70)

Answer 4

Behavioral Theories:
Failures of early trait theories led to the behavioral view–Focus on observable behavior rather than underlying traits–Is there something unique in what leaders do?
Leadership can be learned –> HR language: competency modelling

Question 5

Two factors theory of leadership (2nd wave)

Answer 5

Ohio State Leadership Studies: “What do leaders do?”
—> about the behaviour - leadership can be learned
Findings:
1. Initiating structure (task-oriented): The extent to which a leader structures the environment for goal attainment (assigns deadlines, designs tasks)
2. Consideration (relationship-oriented): The extent to which a leader forms relationships characterized by trust, respect for employees, and regard for their feelings

Question 6

How is the first wave of leadership is characterized in HR language?

Answer 6

KSAO

• Knowledge
• Cognitive ability
• Personality
• Creativity

Question 7

How is the second wave of leadership is characterized in HR language? (+ implications)

Answer 7

Competency modeling–> leasrning leadership

+ Asesment centers AC/ Development center DC

Question 8

3rd wave

Answer 8

• contingency theories
• explain more of a situational differences
• Like a Field contingency model ( about taks oriented and relationship-oriented leaders at favorable and unfavorable situations)

Question 9

Field contingency model

Answer 9

3rd wave of leadership theories

• Relationship oriented leaders perform best in moderate or unfavorable situations
• Task-oriented leaders perform best in highly favorable situations

Question 10

4th wave of leadership

Answer 10

• transformational and charismatic approaches
• focuses on patterns of interpersonal interactions
  Implications: brief training can be introduced

Question 11

The current wave of leadership

Answer 11

• More context-driven leadership theories

- EX: virtual teams, flexible work, self-development, international business, fraud, leader deviance

Question 12

According to Kelley what 4 main qualities to be an effective follower?

Answer 12

• Self-management
• Commitment
• Competencies and knowledge
• Courage

Question 13

The romance of the leadership ( fundamental attribution error)

Answer 13

• the tendency of followers to romanticize the preception of leaders
• Group performance is explained by leader traits, rather than situational factors.

Question 14

The romance of leadership for study

Answer 14

• the study states that the performance of the company has a positive effect on perceived leaders charisma and ability ( for both males and females)
• This translates into the reward for males, but NOT females

Question 15

Highlights on gender and leadership

Answer 15

• think crisis –> female
• think manager –> male
• this is because females are perceived as more communal, which is desirable in crisis

Question 16

Leader-member exchange theory

Answer 16

Central principle:

• relationship development is based on reciprosity is
• the leader develops exchange relationships with their followers, and quality of that relationship determines the leader-member outcome

Question 17

Leader-member exchange theory dimensions and follower’s outcomes

Answer 17

Leaders' actions influence 4 dimensions for followers: 
- contribution 
- affect 
- loyalty 
- profecional respect 
It results in followers job outcomes:
- job performance 
- Citizenship beh 
- less counterproductive wb