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HUMA1860A: The Nature of Religion: An Introduction > Lecture 4: Judaism 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 4: Judaism 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

what was Mainomides trying to do?

A

trying to reconcile Aristotles logic with revealed scripture
- prove the existence of God

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2
Q

during the enlightenment, what did Jews benefit from?

A

its emphasis on reason, tolerance and material progress

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3
Q

Haskalah, the Jewish Enlightenment, advocated a restructuring of Jewish education to focus more on?

A

skills that would help Jews integrate into European society

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4
Q

who was Moses Mendelssohn (1729-86)?

A

he recognized that Jews had became inward-looking segregated from the rest of society
- published a German translation of the Bible

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5
Q

what did Moses Mendelssohn encourage his fellows to do at home vs on the streets?

A

to be a Jew at home and a German on the street and encouraged them to speak German rather than Yiddish

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6
Q

what was the Critique of Pure Reason (1781/87)?

A

by Immanuel Kant, work of theoretical philosophy where he is questioning under what conditions is human knowledge possible and under what conditions is metaphysics as a science possible?
- it is a form of transcendental idealism

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7
Q

what is transcendental idealism?

A

in order for things to be cognizable to knowable to human subject, they have to conform to our pure intuitions of space and time

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8
Q

what was the Critique of Practical Reason a work of? (1788)

A

a work of moral philosophy by Immanuel Kant
- a work of secular ethics

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9
Q

what was the Critique of Judgement? (1790)

A

a work of modern aesthetics by Immanuel Kant
- talks of the judgement of the beautiful and the sublime. he talks mostly about nature and natural beauty (landscapes)
- talks about how humans have a common sense

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10
Q

what is Immanuel Kants response to what is enlightenment?

A

Enlightenment is mans emergence from his self-imposed immaturity
- emphasizes courage to use your own understanding that we are all rational beings and we should have the courage to use our own understandings
- hes questioning authority, traiditon, superstition and religiouse claims
- we need to have courage to think for ourselves

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11
Q

what is the difference between the enlightenment thinkers vs the medieval thinkers?

A
  • medieval try to reconcile reason and faith and use mysticism
  • while the enlightenment thinkers say faith is the matter of the private individual and reason is our highest faculty
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12
Q

what is another word for the Jewish Enlightment?

A

the Haskalah
- the age of reason

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13
Q

during the enlightenment, reason was believed to lead to?

A

moral betterment, political progress, freedom, and scientific and technological advancement

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14
Q

what is the slogan of the Enlightenment?

A

“Progress”

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15
Q

what are the five diverse movements in modern Judaism?

A
  • reform
  • orthodox
  • conservative
  • reconstructionist
  • humanistic
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16
Q

what is Reform Judaism?

A

the most liberal, progressive branch of Judaism
- it adopted Enlightenment ideals and took Moses Mendelson’s words to heart and said we need to update the tradition enlight of broader societal changes

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17
Q

what did Abraham Geiger argue (1810-74)?

A

that Judaism has been adapting to its surroundings throughout history and hence that reform was natural to it

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18
Q

what type of Judaism seminary ordained the first female Rabbi? (second-wave feminism)

A

Reform Judaism. Sally Priesand was the first female Rabbi in North America in 1972

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19
Q

which Judaism does not ordain women as Rabbis?

A

Orthodox Judaism

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20
Q

what goal did Reform Judaism start with?

A

the goal of making Jewish practice meaningful for Jews living in eighteenth-century Germany

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21
Q

who was the spiritual leader of the Reform movement?

A

Abraham Geiger (1810-74)
- also demonstrated the connections among the three major monotheistic faiths

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22
Q

what is Orthodox Judaism?

A

a traditionalist reaction to the spread of Reform Judaism, spearheaded by Samson Raphael Hirsch (1808-88)

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23
Q

what did Samson Raphael Hirsch argue in regards to Orthodox Judaism?

A

that they should be following the traditional Judaism
- sought to prove that traditional Judaism was compatible with modernity and promoted the application of Torah in all aspects of everyday life

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24
Q

what is the MOST MOST traditional branch of Judaism?

A

Ultra-Orthodox Jews

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25
Q

what is Conservative Judaism?

A

middle group between Reform and Orthodox Judaism

26
Q

How do Conservative Jews interpret the text?

A

more literally than Reform Jews do, but more liberally than the Orthodox

27
Q

who was Conservative Judaism founded by?

A

Zacharias Frankel (1801-75)

28
Q

which type of Judaism was also emerged under the name “Positive-Historical Judaism”?

A

Conservative Judaism

29
Q

Reform, Orthodox and Conservative Judaism originated where?

A

in Germany

30
Q

where is Reconstructionist Judaism emerge/originate?

A

the United States

31
Q

who was Reconstructionist Judaism founded by?

A

Mordechai Kaplan (1881-1983)

32
Q

what was first wave feminism?

A

the right to vote

33
Q

what did the third-wave of feminism embrace?

A

the voices of women of colour
- the diversity of womens voices

34
Q

what does Kaplan argue about Judaism?

A

Judaism was not supernaturally revealed, but is an ever-changing religious civilization involving language, literature, art, social organization, and symbols as well as beliefs and practices

35
Q

what matters to Reconstructionist Jews more than individual faith?

A

active participation in a community

36
Q

what is the difference between a bar mitzvah and at bat mitzvah?

A

bar is for boys and bat is for girls

37
Q

what is Humanistic Judaism?

A

they remove God from the picture altogether and say that being a Jew is a matter of personal decision

38
Q

what is the Synagogue?

A

it is at the heart of the Jewish religious community. It is a place for prayer and study of sacred texts

39
Q

what are the two forms that Jewish prayers take?

A
  • pre-set
  • spontaneous
40
Q

what is a kippah?

A

the skullcap that male members wear

41
Q

what is the difference between ancient anti-Judaism vs the 19th and 20th century anti-semitism?

A

there is now a racial dimension to their hatred of Jews

42
Q

what was Zionism?

A

sought to return Jews to the ancient land of Israel to Establish a nation there

43
Q

who formally established Zionism?

A

Theodor Herzl (1860-1904)
- the state of Israel was established half a century later, in 1948

44
Q

how many Jews were killed during the Holocaust?

A

6 million. (1/3 of the worlds Jews)

45
Q

how did Hitler cast his project to destroy Jews as?

A

“a service to God”

46
Q

what law did Hitler pass on September 15th 1935?

A

the Nuremberg Law: revoked Jews’ German citizenship, depriving them of legal and economic rights and prohibited intermarriage

47
Q

the Nazis built a network of death camps where?

A

in Poland

48
Q

how many extermination camps where in Poland?

A

6, the largest was Auschwitz-Birkenau, where more than 1 million Jews were killed using a cyanide-based insecticide

49
Q

The mourning of Jewish death is divided into?

A

two stages, before and after the burial

50
Q

the body of Jews must be buried when?

A

as soon as possible, within 24 hours if possible

51
Q

until the time of the funeral of a Jewish death, an attendant is hired to do what?

A

stand by and read psalms continuously

52
Q

after the burial of a Jew, the children of the deceased recite what?

A

the Kaddish which is a traditional mourning prayer

53
Q

what are the three stages of the post-burial period in Judaism?

A
  1. “sitting shiva”: family stays in house dressed in all black and friends and family will come to grieve
  2. 30 days that follow the burial
  3. only the children of the deceased are expected to observe the third stage
54
Q

what is the marriage contract of Judaism called?

A

the ketubah

55
Q

during a Jewish marriage ceremony, where does the couple stand under?

A

a canopy called a chuppah

56
Q

the conclusion of a Jewish wedding comes with what ritual?

A

one of the best-known rituals associated with Jewish weddings: the breaking of the glass

57
Q

the Jewish women who are tied to an unhappy marriage and cannot initiate the divorce themselves are referred to as?

A

Agunot (means chains)

58
Q

each of the three religions that trace their spiritual lineage to the biblical patriarch Abraham, which is the smallest?

A

Judaism

59
Q

there are approximately how many Jews worldwide?

A

14 million

60
Q

has the number of Jews recovered since the number of Jews before the Holocaust?

A

the number of Jews before the Holocaust was 18 million and now its 14 million

61
Q

according to Halakhah, to be a Jew by birth, one must?

A

be born of a Jewish mother

HUMA1860A: The Nature of Religion: An Introduction (7 decks)

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