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Immuno - Russian > Lecture 4 - Innate Immunity > Flashcards

Lecture 4 - Innate Immunity Flashcards

0
Q

innate immunity recognition of microbes characteristics

A

specificity: PAMPs and DAMPs
receptors: PRRs
distribution: nonclonal (identical receptors on various cell)

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1
Q

What are the 3 major types of defenses in innate immunity?

A

Inflammation, physical barriers, and anti-viral responses

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2
Q

adaptive immunity recognition of microbes characteristics

A

specificity: microbial and nonmicrobial Ags
receptors: BCRs and TCRs
distribution: clonal (identical on 1 cell, diff b/w 2 cells)

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3
Q

What are the 4 classes of PAMPs

A

nucleic acids, proteins, cell wall lipids, carbohydrates

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4
Q

what is included in nucleic acid PAMPs

A

ssRNA, dsRNA, CpG (unmethylated, ONLY in bacteria)

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5
Q

what is included in protein PAMPs?

A

Pilin, Flagelin

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6
Q

What are some cell wall lipid PAMPs?

A

LPS (-), Lipoteichoic acid aka LTA (+)

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7
Q

what are the carb PAMPs?

A

Mannan, Glucans

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8
Q

What are the 3 types of DAMPs?

A

Stress-induced proteins, Crystals, Nuclear proteins

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9
Q

What are 3 examples of DAMPs and what class do they belong to?

A

HSPs (stress proteins), Monosodium urate (crystals), HMGB1 (nuclear proteins)

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10
Q

Which IL regulates rising temperature that is sensed in the brain?

A

IL-1 beta

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11
Q

What are the 5 types of pattern-recognition receptors (PRR)?

A

TLR, CLR, NLR, RLR, CDS

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12
Q

which TLRs are expressed on the cell surface?

A

1,2,4,5,6

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13
Q

Which TLRs are expressed in endosomes?

A

3,7,8,9

TLR 7,9 utilize MyD88 pathway

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14
Q

Which adapter does TLRs 1,2,5,6 use and what does it activate?

A

MyD88 activates transcription factors NF-kB and AP-1

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15
Q

what adaptor does TLR3 use and what does it activate?

A

TRIF and activates TFs IRF3 and IRF7

Iverson uses himself (AI) and Pistol Pete

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16
Q

TLR 1, TLR 2, TLR 6 ligand

A

bacterial lipopeptides/proteins

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17
Q

TLR3 ligand

A

dsRNA

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18
Q

TLR4 ligand

A

LPS

19
Q

TLR5 ligand

A

flagelin

20
Q

TLR 7, TRL 8, ligand

A

ssRNA

21
Q

TLR 9 ligand

A

unmethylated CpG DNA

22
Q

What is special about TLR 4?

A

it uses both the MyD88 and TRIF pathways

its ligand (LPS) mediates septic shock

23
Q

what does TLR Activation do?

A

triggers antimicrobial pathways that directly kill the pathogen, may cause injury to host by inducing apoptosis or septic shock

24
Q

what cytokine controls the adaptive T-cell immune response?

A

IL-12

John Stockton

25
Q

TRIF works with _____?

MyD88 works with _____?

A

TRAM

TIRAP

26
Q

What are NLRPs and what do they do?

A

subfamily of NLRs that respond to cytosolic PAMPs and DAMPs forming signaling complexes called inflammasomes

27
Q

what do inflammasomes activate and what is its function?

A

caspase-1 and it cleaves inactive cytoplasmic cytokines IL-1beta and IL-18

their secreted froms are proinflammatory cytokines

28
Q

what are SRs?

A

trimeric complexes of type II transmembrane proteins

29
Q

what 3 extracellular domains do they have? what family members?

A

SRCR, collagen-like, alpha-helical coiled-coil

SR-A I, SR-A II (no SRCR), MARCO (no alpha helix)

30
Q

what are the MMR domains? what family members?

A

Cys N-term, fibronectin-like, C-type lectin

MR, DEC-205

31
Q

what are SRs? what do they bind?

A

group of receptors mediating the uptake of oxidized lipoproteins into cells

bind bacteria based on (-) charges, ie. LPS, LPA, nucleic acids, B-glucans, proteins

32
Q

what SRs are expressed on macrophages?

A

SR-A

CD36 (also a TLR2/6 recognition coreceptor)

33
Q

What do SR-KO mice exhibit?

A

increased susceptibility to infection with several pathogens

34
Q

what does the C-type lectin family cotain?

A

conserved carb recognition domain of microbial mannose, N-acetylglucosamine, and B-glcuans (bacteria)

35
Q

what are eukaryotic cell carbs often terminated by?

A

galactose and sialic acid

36
Q

what are mannose receptors involved in and what do they recognize?

A

phagocytosis

terminal D-mannose, L-fucose, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine

37
Q

what do epithelial barriers provide?

A

physical barrier to infection, killing of microbes by locally produced antibiotics (defensins, cathelicidins) and intraepithelial lymphocytes

38
Q

what are defensins, who makes them, what do they do?

A

small cationic peptides with (+) and hydrophobic regions
they are produced by epithelial cells and granule-containing leukocytes
defensins alpha and beta produced by diff cell types
have direct toxicity to microbes and kill by inserting into their membranes

39
Q

what are cathelicidins, who makes them, what do they do?

A

made by neutrophils and barrier epithelial cells in skin, GI & resp. tracts
18-kD 2 domain protein cleaved into 2 peptides (stimmed by cytokines)
have direct toxicity to microorganisms

40
Q

what can neturalize LPS?

A

LL-37 of cathelicidins (plays anti-inflammatory role by binding DNA, blocks AIM2)

41
Q

what do activated macrophages produce and what do their products do?

A

IL-10 polarizes TH2 (helper T’s)

IL-12 polarizes TH1 (cytotoxic T’s)

42
Q

precursor Id2 transcription factor signaling of ILCs

A

IL-15 and IL-7 –> T-bet (ILC1) –> IL-12 and IL-18 –> IFN-gamma which stimulates phagocytes and TH1 response (cytotoxic T)

43
Q

what do NK cells recognize and what do they do?

A

ligands on own infected/stressed cells

release intracellular pathogens for phagocytosis

44
Q

what do NK cells activate and what are the receptors called

A

PTKs (always on)
KIRs
do not kill class 1 MCH expressing healthy cells
phosphatases prevent activation

45
Q

when do NK cells become activated?

A

when the inhibitory receptor is not engaged

NK will kill cells not expressing MHC I molecules (virus infected/stressed)

Immuno - Russian (5 decks)

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