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Immuno - Russian > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

0
Q

what is the function of cytokines

A

activation of effectors of lymphocytes and phagocytes

growth and differentiation of all immune cells

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1
Q

What are cytokines

A

small group of proteins that regulate and coordinate many cell activities for both innate and adaptive immunity

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2
Q

what are chemokines

A

small subset of cytokines regulating cell movement and migration

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3
Q

Who is the father of humoral immunity and what is his main discovery?

A

Paul Ehrlich –> antibodies produced by B cells neutralize microbes and recognize antigens

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4
Q

What are the 2 major types of lymphocytes in adaptive immunity and where do they mature?

A

T lymphocyte matures under influence of thymus

B lymphocyte matures under influence of bone marrow

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5
Q

extracellular involves?

A

humoral, B lymphocytes

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6
Q

intracellular involves?

A

T lymphocytes, cell-mediated against microbes (viruses, bacteria)

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7
Q

Who is the father of cell-mediated immunity and what did he discover/name?

A

Elie Metchnikoff discovered phagocytes working with T lymphocytes to eliminate microbes, resistance could be transferred with cells but NOT with serum

reaffirmed in the 1950s with intracellular Listeria monocytogene resistance

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8
Q

What are helper T cells and what do they do

A

CD4 cells eliminate extracellular microbes by helping B cells make effective antibodies

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9
Q

What are the 7 major features of adaptive immune responses

A

specificity, memory, specialization, diversity, nonreactivity to self, clonal expansion, contraction and homeostasis

Some Men See Dicks Not Cumming Cunts

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10
Q

When do Ag-specific clones of lymphocytes develop and how according to the clonal selection hypothesis?

A

before and independent of exposure to Ag

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11
Q

what is a clone

A

lymphocyte of 1 specificity and its progeny

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12
Q

what is a major characteristic of the immune system in the clonal selection hypothesis?

A

a very large # of clones is generated during the maturation of lymphocytes, maximizing the potential for recognizing diverse microbes

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13
Q

what is the goal of vaccination?

A

generation of memory responses

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14
Q

Who developed a vaccine for smallpox? Who is the father of immunology?

A

Edward Jenner

Dr. Pasteur

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15
Q

What is active immunity?

A

conferred by a host response to a microbe or microbial antigens

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16
Q

what is passive immunity?

A

conferred by adoptive transfer of antibodies or T lymphocytes specific for the microbe

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17
Q

What are the 4 classes of lymphocytes and what do they do?

A

B - recognize soluble Ags, develop into Ab-secreting cells
T helper - recognize Ags on APCs, secrete cytokines
Cytotoxic T - recognize Ags on infected cells and kill
Regulatory T - suppress and prevent immune response

18
Q

Normal Blood Cell Counts of innate immune cells

A

When Nuns Enter Basements Mothers Leave

WBC, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, leukocytes

19
Q

s

A 
4500-11,000 (7400)
1800-7700 (4400)
0-450 (200)
0-200 (40)
0-800 (300)
1000-4800 (2500)
20
Q

Phagocytes primary functions and what do they include

A

ingest and destroy microbes, get rid of damages tissue (scavenger function)

neutrophils and macrophages

21
Q

What are the 4 steps in functional responses of phagocytes

A

recruitment
recognition
ingestion
destruction

22
Q

What do activated phagocytes secrete

A

cytokines that promote or regulate immune responses

23
Q

what are neutrophils also called and where are they produced?

A

polymorphonuclear leukocytes (connected by 3-5 lobules)

produced in bone marrow

24
Q

what cytokine stimulates neutrophil growth, how many are made a day, what is their diameter, and how long are they in tissue before they die

A

G-CSF
1 x 10^11
12 to 15 micrometers
1-2 days

25
Q

what are azurophilic granules

A

lysosomes that contain enzymes and other microbicidal substances

26
Q

what happens when neutrophils encounter hyphae

A

cannot internalize them, azurophilic granules deliver contents to the nucleus triggering chromatin decondensation and the release of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) causing tissue damage

27
Q

what are NETs composed of and what can serve as a source of DNA for NET formation

A

DNA and histones

mitochondria

28
Q

What are common features of mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils

A

have cytoplasmic granules filled with inflammatory and antimicrobial meidators

29
Q

mast cell characteristics

A

not in blood circulation, in the tissue, innate and adaptive immune responses, granules filled with histamine, located close to skin and blood vessels

produce lipid mediators (prostaglandins), cytokines, chemokines

30
Q

mast cell function

A

regulate vascular permeability and effector-cell recruitment

can modulate behavior through release of mediators

31
Q

Where are cells of the macrophage lineage arising from and what factor stims growth

A

bone marrow
M-CSF

mature monocytes enter blood circulation then migrate to tissue –> become macrophage

32
Q

What are the 6 functions of monocytes/macrophages?

A

1) activation - bacteria, LPS stimulates chemokines, IFN-gamma production
2) chemotaxis, tissue inflammation
3) phagocytosis, scavenger - tissue repair
4) effector function - NO, ROS, lysosomal enzymes
5) Ag presentation
6) Immunomodulation

33
Q

Where do DCs arise from and what are the 3 types?

A

bone marrow

classical - skin, mucosa, parenchyma
plasmacytoid - viral infection responders (Type 1 IFN aka IFN alpha/beta)
inflammatory

34
Q

What DC is from fetal origin?

A

Langerhans cell in the skin

35
Q

what are haptens

A

very small molecules that bind to Abs or TCRs but do no initiate an immune response

36
Q

what is the smallest unit to which an Ab can be made?

A

3-6 a.a. or 5-6 sugar residues

37
Q

What are the 3 components to innate and adaptive immunity?

A

cells, blood proteins, physical and chemical barriers

38
Q

Innate immunity cellular and chemical barriers

A

skin, mucosa, epithelia, antimicrobial molecules

39
Q

Innate immunity blood proteins

A

complement, acute phase proteins, cytokines

40
Q

Innate immunity cells

A

phagocytes, dcs, nks, innate lymphoid cells

41
Q

adaptive immunity cellular and physical barriers

A

lymphocytes in epithelia, abs secreted at surfaces

42
Q

adaptive immunity blood proteins

A

cytokines, abs

43
Q

adaptive immunity cells

A

B and T lymphocytes

Immuno - Russian (5 decks)

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