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microbiology > Lecture 4) example bacteria pathogens > Flashcards

Lecture 4) example bacteria pathogens Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is an endogenous infection?

A

an infection caused by an agent already in the body that was previously inapparent or dormant
eg stapylococcus aureus

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2
Q

what is an exogenous infection?

A

an infection caused by an exogenous agent that has entered the body
eg C. diff

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3
Q

what is the difference between a HAI and HCAI?

A 
HAI = hospital acquired infection, only found in hospitals 
HCAI = healthcare acquired infections, can be found in hospitals, clinics, dentists etc
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4
Q

what are some of the common HAIs?

A 
GI infection
infections post surgery
IV cannulae 
skin infection
urinary catheter
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5
Q

name some of the factors that impacts the spread and control of infections

A

social and environmental factors
health education
food safety
vector control - chemoprophylaxis - administration of antibiotics
outbreak investigation - infection control

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6
Q

what does chemoprophylaxis mean?

A

the use of drugs to control disease/infection

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7
Q

what are emerging infections?

A

infections that are rapidly in incidence/geographical range

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8
Q

what are some of the characteristics of emerging infections?

A

money is being invested to protect against outbreaks
viral outbreaks more common than bacterial outbreaks - viral generally more serious and harder to treat
global warming means new pathogens in different places leading to infections and diseases that have never been seen before in that location

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9
Q

how many phospholipid bilayers do gram negative bacteria have?

A

2

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10
Q

do gram negative bacteria have a thin or thick peptidoglycan layer?

A

thin

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11
Q

where do most gram negative bacteria fall into on the tree of life?

A

proteobacteria

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12
Q

describe the outside phospholipid bilayer of gram negative bacteria

A

asymmetric

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13
Q

why are gram negative bacteria called lipopolysaccharides?

A

they have carbohydrates on the outside of the polysaccharide layer

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14
Q

what infection does Neisseria meningitidis cause?

A

meningitis

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15
Q

how is Neisseria meningitidis classified?

A

by their serogroup

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16
Q

how are Neisseria meningitidis classified using serogroups?

A

due to how a panel of antibodies recognise certain carbohydrate groups on the bacteria

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17
Q

what is a serogroup?

A

a distinct variation within a species of bacteria use to classify them

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18
Q

what subsequent infection can meningitis cause?

A

septicaemia

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19
Q

is Neisseria meningitidis encapsulated? if so, describe it

A

encapsulated in a slime layer

20
Q

what is the function of the capsule on N. meningitidis?

A

if it was uncapsulated it would be taken up by phagocytes and destroyed
it is a mechanism that has evolved to avoid the host’s immune system

21
Q

what class is N. meningitidis?

A

beta proteobacteria (gram negative)

22
Q

10-15% of the population have N. meningitidis in their nasopharynx but dont show symptoms of meningitis, why is this?

A

the bug is asymptomatic

23
Q

N. meningitidis is said to have antigenic variation. what does this mean?

A

it can cross barriers and turn capsule on therefore avoiding phagocytes of the host’s immune system
can enter the meninges and cause infection

24
Q

why is there currently no MenB vaccine?

A

the MenB subgroup express the exact structure of the host’s carbohydrate
hard to create a vaccine that will target the foreign cell when they have the same structure as the hosts cell

25
Q

what concept has been introduce to solve the problem of having no MenB vaccine?

A

reverse vaccinology

26
Q

what is reverse vaccinology?

A

used to predict the epitope of the virus

27
Q

what is an epitope?

A

the part of the antigen that is recognised by the immune system

28
Q

how would reverse vaccinology be used to create a vaccine for MenB?

A

from examining genes on the surface of MenB, found 4 protective surface lipoproteins that are unlike the host’s surface proteins
vaccine could be created to target one/all of these proteins

29
Q

give an example of a gram positive bacteria?

A

diphtheria

30
Q

what is the route of infection for diphtheria?

A

airborne

31
Q

give a description of the morphology of diphtheria

A

asymmetric
club-like
all grouped at one end

32
Q

where in the body does diphtheria pathogenise?

A

nasopharynx

33
Q

is diphtheria an endogenous or exogenous infection?

A

exogenous

external pathogen that enters the host

34
Q

what makes diphtheria toxic?

A

diphtheria releases a toxin that kills host cells and spreads systematically to the heart and lungs

35
Q

what type of toxin does diphtheria release and what does it do?

A 
AB toxin (main virulence factor of diphtheria)
A = activity 
B = binding
acts on EF2
36
Q

the AB toxin in diphtheria acts on EF2. what is EF2 and what are the consequences of the toxin acting on this?

A

EF2 = elongation factor
involved in translation
when targeted by AB toxin = no proteins made = cell death = kills you

37
Q

name the vaccine against diphtheria

A

DTap vaccine

38
Q

what are the 4 levels of emerging infections?

A

1) exposure
2) infection
3) transmission
4) epidemic spread

39
Q

describe the introduction factor of emerging infections

A

have to determine where these infections are coming from

predict what/when the next bad outbreak will be and make a vaccine for it before it can cause an epidemic

40
Q

describe the establishment and dissemination factor of emerging vaccines

A

agents have to spread to be able to cause an epidemic
harder for pathogens to achieve this as hopefully introduction factor will have been achieved and therefore an epidemic will have been avoided

41
Q

what technique is used to predict the next big epidemic?

A

genome sequencing

42
Q

what is a zoonotic disease?

A

a disease that normally exists in animals but can infect humans
cases have now been reported of human infections spreading to animals

43
Q

give an example of a zoonotic pathogen and describe it

A

steptococcus suis
gram positive
present in swine industry

44
Q

what zoonotic infections can be caused from streptococcus suis?

A

meningitis
septicaemia
arthritis

45
Q

describe the process of genome sequencing in streptococcus suis

A

sequence different strains
determine core genome and pan genome
the more genes that are sequenced, the less genes that are similar
therefore, core genome decreases in size and pan genome increases in size

46
Q

what can the genome sequencing of step. suis tell us?

A

the strain infecting humans had a type 4 secretion system
proven by pulsed field gel electerophoresis
T4SS thought to stimulate host immune reaction observed with streptococcal toxic shock like syndrome (STSLS)

microbiology (17 decks)

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