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microbiology > lecture 10) the innate immune system > Flashcards

lecture 10) the innate immune system Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

give 3 basic characteristics of the innate immune system

A

no immunological memory
non specific
immediate response

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2
Q

what does the hummoral branch of the innate immune system refer to?

A

complement
enzymes
cytokines

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3
Q

what does the cellular branch of the innate immune system refer to?

A

phagocytes
natural killer cells
pattern receptors

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4
Q

what is involved in complement immunity?

A

molecules that aid immunological processes eg clotting, membrane attack

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5
Q

what do phagocytes do?

A

engulf material

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6
Q

where are the immune cells generally found?

A

circulation

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7
Q

what are the exceptions of immune cells being found in circulation

A

alveolar macrophages

M cells

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8
Q

what are alveolar macrophages?

A

specialised macrophages of the alveoli

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9
Q

what are M cells?

A

specialised epithelial cells of MALT

transport antigens from lumen to immune cells

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10
Q

name 5 different types of phagocytes

A 
monocytes
macrophages
dendritic cells
neutrophils
mast cells
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11
Q

bacteria taken up by what process and where are they destroyed?

A

taken up by endocytosis

destroyed in the phagolysosome

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12
Q

what is the cytosome and what does it contain?

A

the cell body excluding the nucleus

contains regulatory compounds

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13
Q

describe the changes in pH down the pathway that bacteria enter and explain the impacts this has on the bacteria

A

pH decreases down the pathway

becomes a more hostile environment for the bacteria to live in

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14
Q

what enzyme do lysosomes contain and what does this enzyme do?

A

lysozyme

breaks down peptidoglycan

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15
Q

what happens when lysozyme acts on the bacterial vesicle?

A

it ruptures and releases the products that can be recognised by the adaptive immune system

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16
Q

what 3 categories of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) can be engaged during phagocytosis?

A

PRRs to mediate phagocytosis
PRRs to initiate inflammatory response
PRRs that mediate and initiate

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17
Q

why is it important to have more than one category of PRR?

A

bacteria have evolved resistant mechanisms againsr PRRs

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18
Q

what does the mannoes receptor recognise?

A

sugar

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19
Q

what category does the mannose receptor fall into?

A

mediates phagocytosis

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20
Q

what domain does the mannose receptor have?

A

carbohydrate domain

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21
Q

give 3 characteristics of the carbohydrate protein domain in the mannose receptor

A 
not much of an intracellular protein domain
not involved in signal transduction
mostly outside (prob passing through and reaching out)
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22
Q

give an example bacterium that uses the mannose receptor

A

virulent strains of mycobacterium tuberculosis

no inflammatory response

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23
Q

what does M. tuberculosis do to combat the innate immune system?

A

sits in early endosome
has proteins that prevent fusion with lysosome
last vesicle will be phagolysosome

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24
Q

what does L. pneumoniae do to combat the innate immune system?

A

arrests the pathway

25
Q

what does S. typhimurium do to combat the innate immune system?

A

decreases pH to prevent fusion

26
Q

what does F. tularenisis do to combat the innate immune system?

A

escapes the pathway

27
Q

what are TLRs?

A

toll like receptors

28
Q

what are TLRs used in conjunction with?

A

mannose receptor

29
Q

describe the composition of TLRs

A

dimeric transmembranal

30
Q

what do TLRs recognise?

A

different cellular components

31
Q

what do TLRs do?

A

transduce the signal through the cell to increase the transcription of certain cytokines by increasing the trancription factor

32
Q

what are NLRs?

A

nod like receptors

33
Q

why type of domain do NLRs have?

A

nod-like domain

34
Q

what type of repeats do many NLRs have?

A

leucine rich repeats

35
Q

are NLRs found on the membrane?

A

no, TLRs are found on the membrane to ensure they dont escape

36
Q

when phagocytes recognise bacterial cells, what do they signal for?

A

an increase in the production of chemokines and cytokines

37
Q

what do chemokines and cytokines do when phagocytes have recognised the bacterial cell?

A

recruit more vigorous immune cells eg killer T cells

38
Q

how do bacteria counteract recognition and killing?

A

escape from vacuole to cytoplasm

39
Q

how do bacteria escape from the vacuole to the cytoplasm when counteracting recognition and killing?

A

by the action of listeriolysis

40
Q

where does listeriolysis come from?

A

listeria monocytogenes, cholesterol dependent cytolysin

41
Q

name 3 characteristics of M. tuberculosis for the inhibition of phagolysosome fusion

A

paucity of vacuolar H+ ATPase
inefficient luminal acidification due to less H+
inadequate levels of mature lysosomal hydrolases

42
Q

what does latent TB do to prevent phagolysosome fusion?

A

later in life/when immunocompromised, sits asleep in phagosome but will prevent fusion by preventing acidification

43
Q

what does autophagy target?

A

portions of cytoplasm, organelles or proteins that have been damaged for lysosome degradation

44
Q

how does autophagy work?

A

autophagosome binds with lysosome to break down products that can be reused

45
Q

when is autophagy beneficial?

A

when clearing disease

46
Q

how does autophagy start?

A

isolation membrane forms, elongates and closes to form double membrane bound vesicle (autophagosome)
autophagosome fuses with lysosome = autolysosome leading to degradation of cytoplasmic contents inside autophagosome

47
Q

what type of genes are responsibe for autophagy?

A

ATG genes

48
Q

how do bacteria cope with autophagy?

A

selectively target cytosolic molecules/structures eg intracellular pathogens (xenophagy), damaged mitochondria (mitophagy) and protein aggregates (aggrephagy)

49
Q

what is LLO?

A

listeriolysin O

50
Q

how do membranes form?

A

LC3 - mammalian homologue of atg8
diff molecules embed membrane
protein and ubiquitin stamp protein to signal its damaged
formation of lysosome starts and autolysosome forms

51
Q

what secretion system does shigella use to induce cell death?

A

T3SS

52
Q

what effect of T3SS can repress autophagy?

A

IcsB

53
Q

why would a virulence factor like LLO want to elicit autophagy?

A

upon vascular escape autophagy is an intracellular catabolic process
targets cellular or foreign material
this doubles membrane vacuoles for degradation through fusion with lysosomes

54
Q

why is listeria at increased risk of running autophagy machinery?

A

cholesterol dependent

55
Q

name the 2 possible pathways of autophagy in listeria infections

A

persistent infections

fusion with lysosome

56
Q

what type of phagocytosis happens in autophagy of persistent liseria infections?

A

LC3 associated phagocytosis involving SLAPs

57
Q

what type of phagocytosis happens in autophagy of liseria infections via fusion with a lysosome?

A

ActA + Cm
LC3 autophagy
autophagosomes form

58
Q

describe autophagy in Burkholderia pseudomallei infections

A

bacteria wants to escape from the vacuole therefore secrete an effector to activate polymerisation so it can spread and create infection/disease

59
Q

why is diet and health an important influence in immunity?

A

normally a competition between the host and the bug to see who will win - not usually due to the immune system not working; can be down to the efficacy of the immune system and the bugs defence mechanisms

microbiology (17 decks)

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