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microbiology > lecture 11) the adaptive immune response > Flashcards

lecture 11) the adaptive immune response Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

give 3 characteristics of adaptive immunity

A

immunological memory
specific to antigen
not immediate

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2
Q

what are the humoral cells involved in adaptive immunity?

A

antibodies

cytokines

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3
Q

what are the cellular cells involved in adaptive immunity?

A

T and B cells

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4
Q

how can phagocytes link innate and adaptive immunity?

A

phagocytes can act as antigen presenting cells

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5
Q

what do T cells recognise?

A

major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

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6
Q

what is a major histocompatibility complex?

A

a peptide of the antigen on an antigen presenting cell

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7
Q

what sort of complex is MHC?

A

trimolecular complex

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8
Q

approximately, what is the amino acid length of the MHC?

A

8-11 amino acids

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9
Q

what other sort of antigen other than a peptide can MHC present to T cells?

A

carbohydrate

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10
Q

what is a CD?

A

cluster of differentiation

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11
Q

what exact T cells do MHC I present to?

A

CD8+T cells

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12
Q

what exact T cells do MHC II present to?

A

CD4+T cells

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13
Q

what are CD1 molecules?

A

similar to MHC structure
forms groves that the peptide sits in
presents glycolipid

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14
Q

what do macrophages do to the bacteria to present it to the T cell?

A

engulfs
lyses
chops
presents

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15
Q

not all bacteria stay in the endosome or phagosome. what breaks down the bacteria should this be the case?

A

proteasome chops the bacteria up

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16
Q

what type of cells are CD8+T cells?

A

cytotoxic T lymphocytes

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17
Q

where do the CD8+T cells recognise the antigen peptide from?

A

cytosol

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18
Q

what protein in MHC I molecules are essential to initiate an immune response?

A

beta 2M protein

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19
Q

how come MHC can be presented before degradation of bacteria?

A

MHC I and II present

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20
Q

what do T cells also set down when killing the bacteria?

A

memory T cells

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21
Q

what is the importance of memory T cells?

A

when the same antigen is presented again, memory cells release perforins and granzymes

22
Q

name the 2 major pathways of cytotoxic T cells

A

perforin

CD95 pathway

23
Q

describe the perforin pathway of cytotoxic T cells

A

perforin deliver from cytoplasmic granules to infected cells to kill them
granules fuse to membrane forming pores allowing entrance

24
Q

describe the CD95 pathway of cytotoxic T cells

A

FasL expression increases CTL
CTL binds to Fas on APC
causes apoptosis

25
Q

what do both the perforin and CD95 pathways of cytotoxic T cells lead to?

A

cell apoptosis rather than lysis

26
Q

what dye is used to bind to RNA or DNA only when cells are dead?

A

propioiodide

27
Q

what type of T cells are CD4+ T cells?

A

helper T cells (Th0, Th1, Th2)

28
Q

what protein do CD4+T cell lack in comparison to other CD4 cells?

A

globulin

29
Q

how many polypeptides are CD4+T cells comprised of?

A

2

30
Q

which has a longer amino acid sequence chain; MHC I or MHC II?

A

MHC II

31
Q

what type of cytokines do CD4+T cells produce?

A

each T helper cell produces different cytokines

32
Q

what T helper cell aids the formation of B cells?

A

Th2

33
Q

what sort of infection of TB would you have if you had adequate adaptive immunity?

A

latent infection

34
Q

what is the only contagious form of infection of TB?

A

TB disease that occurs only when there is inadequate innate immunity

35
Q

what is the latent infection contained in?

A

granuloma

36
Q

what is the clinical name for the latent TB infection?

A

milary TB

37
Q

how come TB can recruit more immune cells?

A

innate cells that have taken up bacteria have produced cytokines that will recruit more T cells to the site of infection

38
Q

if TB were to recruit more immune cells, what does this mean for the granuloma?

A

granuloma is immune

39
Q

what cells are recruited to make fibrotic encapsulation and what/how is the granuloma formed?

A

fibrotic cells

firbrotic encapsulation enhances the cell wall forming a chronic granuloma

40
Q

what enhances macrophage migration to granulomas?

A

ESAT6 (mycobacterial protein) secreted through ESX-1

41
Q

what do B cells normally produce in the granuloma?

A

antibodies

42
Q

what are B cells also a source of to recruit more lymphocytes and macrophages

A

cytokines

43
Q

how does TB spread (granuloma)?

A

feed on granuloma

spreads due to liquefaction (liquefied caseous granuloma)

44
Q

where did the name caseous granuloma come from?

A

cattles lung smelled of cheese when riddled with bacteria

45
Q

what 3 approaches (singly or in combinations) establish the efficacy or antibody-mediated immunity against a microbe?

A

1) passive administration of a microbe specific antibody modifies the course of infection to the benefit of the host
2) inverse relationship between the presence of microbe specific antibody in host and susceptibility to infection
3) establish increased susceptibility to disease in host with deficits in hummoral immunity

46
Q

how are TB cell wall molecules recognised by phagocytes?

A

through PRRs

47
Q

what does TB initially cause?

A

alveolar macrophages to produce chemokines and cytokines

48
Q

what is TNF-alpha?

A

tumour nercrosis factor alpha

prototype proinflammatory cytokine produced by phagocytic cells activated by mycobacteria or mycobacterial components

49
Q

what do phagocytic cells produce upon phagocytisis of mTb?

A

IL-12

50
Q

what do IL-12 cells recruit to site of infection of TB?

A

NK cells

51
Q

what role might post-translocational modifications of mycobacterial proteins play in host immunity?

A

CD8 cytotoxic
CD4 helper (chemo and cyto) to modulate immune response
peptide could have lipid or carbohydrate component to hijack immune signalling

microbiology (17 decks)

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