Lecture 4 - Diabetes introduction and T1DM

Question 2

Diabetes stats

Question 3

Diagnosis

Answer 3

• Glycated haemoglobin measurements (HbA1c)

Question 4

HbA1c measurements:

Answer 4

Glycated haemoglobin measurements

Glycated haemoglobin in the blood

Used for screening and long-term follow up

UbA1c > 48mmol/mol
Normal: 30-35mmol/mol

• No need for fasting
• Lower variability (120 days)
• More stable for transporting samples

Question 5

Insulin biosynthesis

Answer 5

Prohormone, processed by prohormone convertases to form mature insulin - occurs in the golgi apparatus

c peptide

Question 6

c peptide

Question 7

Insulin target tissues

Answer 7

• Adipose - glucose recruits fatty acids
• Liver - glucose gets converted to glycogen
• Muscle - glucose recruits amino acids

Question 8

Glucagon target tissues

Answer 8

• Adipose - glycogen gets converted to glucose
• Liver - glucose recruits fatty acids
• Muscle - glucose recruits amino acids

Question 9

Incretin effect

Answer 9

Insulin levels have a lower rise if glucose is put into the body intravenously than when orally ingested

Due to hormones secreted by the gut