Lecture 4, Chap 5

Question 1

whats Prejudice?

Answer 1

Negative feelings toward persons based on
their membership in certain groups

Question 2

whats Discrimination

Answer 2

Behavior toward persons because of
their membership in a certain group

Question 3

whats Stereotypes

Answer 3

Belief or association that links a group of people with certain traits or characteristics

Question 4

What are the Types of Prejudice and
Discrimination

Answer 4

• Racism
• Sexism

Question 5

whats racism

Answer 5

Prejudice and discrimination based on a
person’s race, or institutional and cultural practices that
promote the domination of one race over another

Question 6

whats Sexism

Answer 6

Prejudice and discrimination based on a
person’s gender, or institutional and cultural practices
that promote the domination of one gender over
another

Question 7

what are some

Answer 7

• Indications that racism has decreased over time in
  Canada
• Closed residential schools
• Compensation for residential schools
• Closed “Indian” hospitals
• Compensation for the 60s scoop
• Indigenous people can enlist without enfranchising
• Indigenous women can marry non-Indigenous men
  without enfranchising

Question 8

what are some Other Racism Alive and Well

Answer 8

• Chronic underfunding of Indigenous Child and Family
  Services
• Indigenous children apprehended without cause
• Sometimes hours after birth
• Racism in health care system
• Brian Sinclair
• Joyce Echaquan
• Long-term harms and intergenerational trauma of
  residential schools (Dr. Amy Bombay,
  Neuropsychologist)

Question 9

what is evidence that Some Racism is Decreasing.

Answer 9

Slavery abolished in the United States, support for
interracial marriage increased across time in the United
Stats

Question 10

slide 11

Question 11

what are Some forms of Contemporary Racism

Answer 11

Modern and Aversive racsism

Question 12

whats modern racism

Answer 12

A form of prejudice that surfaces in
subtle ways when it is safe, socially acceptable, and easy
to rationalize

Question 13

whatrs aversive racism

Answer 13

Racism that concerns the
ambivalence between fair-minded attitudes and beliefs
on the one hand and unconscious and unrecognized
prejudicial feelings and beliefs on the other (Gaertner &
Dovidio, 1986)
* Might profess egalitarian ideals but behave differently
around people of a different race

Question 14

whats “STREET CHECK” or “CARDING”

Answer 14

when police officers randomly stop and question someone and collect information about those people. The details about each person — their name, age, perceived skin colour, estimated height and weight, and often, the names of their friends — are recorded and entered into a database.

Question 15

Between 2008 and 2013, Toronto police filled out at least….

Answer 15

2.1 million contact cards involving 1.2 MILLION PEOPLE.

Question 16

Mock jurors more likely to convict…

Answer 16

Black defendant
than a White defendant, especially when evidence is
ambiguous

Question 17

whats an example of building “moral credential” of not being racist

Answer 17

e.g., Cascio &
Plant, 2015; Merritt et al., 2010; Merritt et al., 2012)
* E.g., “My best friend is…”

Question 18

whats Racial Microaggressions

Answer 18

Racial Microaggressions: subtle but
hurtful forms of regular discrimination
* Way of expressing racism

• E.g., “Indigenous people don’t pay
  taxes”
• E.g., “You’re not like other [group
  members]”
• Microaggressions can be sexist,
  ableist, ageist, etc.

Question 19

how do u measure impilict racism

Answer 19

• Implicit Association Test (IAT; Greenwald et al., 1998)
• Reaction time measure
• E.g., Researchers measure how quickly we
  associate valenced words with Black or White faces
• Controversial
• Related to attitudes and behaviours
• May not reliably predict behaviour across
  time/situation
• May reflect socialization than individual bias

Question 19

whats Implicit Racism?

Answer 19

Racism that
operates unconsciously and
unintentionally
* E.g., Okonofua & Eberhardt (2015)
* IV: Black-sounding or White-
sounding name
* DV: Punishment
* First infraction, no difference
* Second infraction, harsher
punishment to student with Black-
sounding name

Question 20

Interracial Interactions Often activate…

Answer 20

metastereotypes: thoughts about the
outgroup’s stereotypes of them
* Worry about being seen as consistent with
stereotypes

Question 21

whats Jacoby-Senghor et al.,
2016

Question 21

whats Sexism

Answer 21

• Blatant sexism, like racism, less socially acceptable
• Gender stereotypes are usually prescriptive (“should”)
• Other stereotypes are simply descriptive (“are”)
• Lots of contact between sexes, but sexism still prevalent

Question 22

whats Ambivalent sexism:

Answer 22

Attitudes about women reflect negative,
resentful beliefs/feelings and affectionate/chivalrous but
potentially patronizing beliefs/feelings

• Ambivalent sexism is prevalent globally (Glick et al., 2000)

Question 23

whats Hostile sexism:

Answer 23

negative, resentful feelings about women’s
abilities, value, and challenge to men’s power
Both forms +correlated with poor outcomes for women

Question 24

whats Benevolent sexism

Answer 24

affectionate, chivalrous feelings based
in patronizing belief that women need/deserve protection
Both forms +correlated with poor outcomes for women

Question 25

what are Double Standards and Pervasive Stereotypes

Answer 25

• Sex discrimination continues to exist in numerous ways
• In many parts of the world, blatant sexism not only is
  still quite evident but even is the law of the land
• Sex discrimination during the early school years may
  pave the way for diverging career paths in adulthood
• Sexism also hurts men
• Often penalized more harshly for behaving
  “femininely”, traditional masculine gender norms can
  be harmful

Question 26

what are Other forms of Prejudice

Answer 26

• Physical disabilities or disfigurements, mental health,
  political ideology, economic class, weight, being
  unmarried, religion, sexuality, age, gender expression
• These social categories intersect with each other to
  create unique experiences of privilege or disadvantage

Question 27

what is Stereotype Threat

Answer 27

The experience of concern about
being evaluated based on negative stereotypes about
one’s group
* Why? Causes stress, loss of focus, impaired working
memory, negative thoughts, and drains cognitive
resources, etc.
* A person does not have to believe in the stereotype to
be affected by it

Question 28

explain the Steele & Aaronson, 1995

Answer 28

• White and Black participants
  complete a very difficult test.
• IV: “Test of intelligence” or
  “problem-solving task”
• DV: performance on test
• When described as test of
  intelligence, Black participants
  performed significantly worse
• But… contention in the field!

Question 29

why does the steryotupe threat happen

Answer 29

Why? Causes stress, loss of focus, impaired working
memory, negative thoughts, and drains cognitive
resources, etc.
* A person does not have to believe in the stereotype to
be affected by it