Lecture 2, chap 3 Flashcards
1
Q
what is the cocktail party effect
A
tendency to pick personal relevant stimulus like a name, out of a complex and noisy environment
2
Q
What do social psycholgists say about the cocktail part effect
A
it shows how our attention holds the self to a high degree of priority
3
Q
what is self-concept
A
sum total of an individuals beliefs about their own perosnal attributes , its made up of self schemas
4
Q
whats self schema
A
a belief people hold about themselves that guide the processing of self relevant information, or in other terms implement certain ideas into their lives to the point where it severely affects their thoughts
5
Q
provide an example and a scenario of self schema
A
scenario: if one has body weight schematics. they will have thoughts of self during an event such as a trip to super market, the sight of a fashion model, on the beach, watching a friend diet etc.
example: masculine, non binary, feminine
6
Q
provide an example of aschematic
A
- not holding weight as an extreme or important oart of their lives
- in terms of animals, some people are either dog or cat people. aschematic would mean they don’t prefer one over the other
7
Q
whats aschematic?
A
not placing certain frameworks as an important part of their lives
8
Q
whats self recognition/self-awareness
A
thinking about ourselves
9
Q
who has self recognition/awarness
A
- great apes
- humans
- chimps
- orangatans
10
Q
having self recognition is a sign of…
A
a level of high intelligence, for example, when dogs or cats look in the mirror, they think it is another animal not knowing its them
11
Q
whats the concept of a mirror test and results of it
A
the mirror mark test, developed by Gallup (1977), seeks to determine whether an animal recognizes itself in the mirror by marking a colored dot on the animal’s body
- results: On seeing the red spot,
only the apes spontaneously reached for their own brows—proof that they perceived
the image as their ownOn seeing the red spot,
only the apes spontaneously reached for their own brows—proof that they perceived
the image as their own - Among
the apes, this form of self-recognition emerges in young adolescence and is stable across the life span, at least until old age By using a
similar red dye test (without anesthetizing the infants), developmental psychologists
have found that most humans begin to recognize themselves in the mirror
between the ages of 18 and 24 months (Lewis & Brooks-Gunn, 1979).
12
Q
list four ways we can know ourselves ( theoretically)
A
1) introspection
2) perceptions of our own behaviours
3) comparing ourselves to other people
4) autobiographical memories
13
Q
what is introspdection and what does in involve
A
a looking inward at one’s
own thoughts and feelings and it involves affective forcasting
14
Q
are humans good at introspection?
A
no, consistently, its found that
people overestimate the strength and duration of their emotional reactions, a phenomenon
they call the impact bias (Wilson & Gilbert, 2013).
15
Q
whats affective forcasting
A
predicting how we would feel in response to future emotional events
16
Q
What’s the first reason as to why humans are bad at effective forcasting
A
- impact bias: people overestimate the strength and duration of their emotional reactions.
people forget humans are emotionally resilient and we can recover and adapt well
17
Q
whats the second reasons to why humans are bad at affective forcastign
A
- we underestimate the influence of other things: example the thought of how one would react to
the breakup of a close relationship—
we become so focused on that single event that we neglect to account for other
life experiences.
another example is the same day u fail a test you get a puppy, or your team wins, or your friend tells a joke, or the various other things that happen over time
18
Q
give a quick summary to introspection
A
- were bad at comprehending reasons for our own behaviours we are also bad at predicting how we will feel in response to various experinces aka ( bad at affective forecasting )
- however we are very good at producing convincing explanations for our thoughts feelings, and behaviours
19
Q
whats the second way to understand our own behaviour and what theory is the meothod based on
A
- perception of our own behaviour
- this method is based on self-perception theory by Daryl bem
20
Q
what theory is Dayrl Bem known for
A
self-perception theory in 1972
21
Q
whats the self perception theory
A
The theory
that when internal cues are difficult to
interpret, people gain self-insight by
observing their own behavior.
example:
1) ate two sandwies –> really hungry
2) buy lot so of black clothes –> black must be my fav colour
3) but lots of gold jewlery –> i must ike gold jewlery
22
Q
what are some cons to method 2 of ways we can get to know ourselves
A
- percepting our own behaviour only works for trailts u arent sure about. for an example if u believe you are shy, its hard to interpret your behaviours as evidence you are extroverted
23
Q
when and what experiment did Chaiken and Baldwin conduct (( explain and provide the results)
A
1) 1981
2) the experiment itself:
- pre measured attitides toward enviroment
- indep vari: environmentalism or anti environmental survey
- dep vari: environmentalist identity
- participants with ambiguous/ open environmental attitides more likely to report environ identity with indep vari , where as particpants with strong attitudes werent impacted by by idep vari
3) the overall results:
- When people
are gently coaxed into saying or doing something and when they are not
otherwise certain about how they feel, they often come to view themselves in
ways that are consistent with their public statements and behaviours
-
24
Q
whats facial feedback hypothesis
A
its a hypothesis that invloves helping us prececving our own behaviours which is the 2nd way we can get to know oursleves
- It is the hypothesis that changes in facial
expression can lead to corresponding
changes in emotion.
25
how does precpetion of our motivation correlate with preceptions of our own behaviour
the way we are motivated has a link to perceiving our behaviour. our motivation may change based on the reason as to why we are doing an activty
26
what study demonstrated facial feedback hypothesis?
Marzolis 2013s study
- the idep vari: facing the sun ( frown) , vs back to the sun ( no frown)
- the dep vari: how angry/agressive they feel
- results: those frowning felt more anger, they even denied their suns impact on their mood
- meta analysis - small but real affect
27
explain how intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation are diff
engaging in activity for intrest , challenge or joy is intiricsic motivation, whereas extrinsic motivation is engaging in activity for reward . intrinsic is researching cuz u enjoy researching , extrinsic is researching cuz u get paid
28
whats the overjustifcation effect
when intrinsic motivation diminishes for activities that are rewarded, this usually makes people lose interest in activity when reward is removed
29
what study is an example of the overjustification effect and who was it done by
the colourign study by Mark Lepper and his colleagues (1973)
30
explain mark leppers study in 1973
1) time 1: gave preschool
children an opportunity to play with colorful felt-tipped markers
2) time 2: Two weeks later, the children were divided into three groups, all about equal in terms
of initial levels of intrinsic motivation. group 1: control,
group 2: told would get gold star if they coloured
group 3: unexpected reward
3) time 3: About a week later, the teachers placed the markers and
paper on a table in the classroom while the experimenters
observed through a one-way mirror. group 1&3 coloured more than group 2
31
explain THE RESULTS of mark leppers study in 1973
RESULTS: As predicted, those who had expected and received
a reward for their efforts were no longer as interested in the
markers as they had been. Children who had not received
a reward were not adversely affected, nor were those who
had received the unexpected reward. Having played with the
markers without the promise of tangible benefit, these children
remained intrinsically motivated
32
provide a quick summary of the second method to get to know ourselves better ( theoretically)
- observing our behaviours isnt the best way to know ourselves, its limited to work for attitudes we dont already have strong opinions about. once those opinions are formed about ourselves its harder to change
33
whats the third way we can theoretically get to know oursleves
comparing ourselves to other people ( this allows us to describe ourselves in ways that distinguish us from others, and other people help us to define ourselves
34
in what study is comparing self to other people used to emphasize identity ?
- McGuire study in 1979 where they found among children, boys are
more likely to cite their gender when they grow up in families that are predominantly
female; girls do the same when living in families that are predominantly
male
35
whats the social comparison theory ?
Leon Festinger’s (1954) theory that people evaluate their own abilities and opinions by comparing themselves to other.
- festinger mentions that we tend to compare ourselves to similar others . If you are curious
about your flair for writing, for example, you’re more likely to compare yourself
with other college students or even aspiring writers than with high schoolers
36
is comparing ourselves to other people relatively the same if we do it through social media too?
no, research suggests there are negative implications
1) facebook depression, a correlational conclusion
a) Vogel 2014 suggests Facebook usage and self-evaluation depends
on whom we compare ourselves to.
After college-age adults were randomly assigned to engage in upward( successful) as opposed to downward ( less successful)
- result: social comparisons with others who are highly active and successful, they came to rate themselves
less favorably
b) Verduyn 2015 suggests people on Facebook, as in life more generally, tend to portray themselves
in overly flattering ways—which increases the likelihood that the social
comparisons we make are not personally favorable.
- For that reason, research
shows that the more Facebook time that people passively scroll through other
people’s pages—rather than directly interacting with others—the worse they felt
about themselves
-
37
is comparing ourselves to others relatively the same if we do it through social outcomes too?
no, research suggests that we use social outcomes as a way to almost change something about yourself
- waterloo students compare self to those less successful when wanting to feel better about self ( here the change is emotion they are associated with)
- in Agarwals 2016 study lottery winnders neighbours are more likely to go bankrupt becuase neighbours kept trying to buy expensive and visible goods like fancy cars ( here change is social econic status which also ties into emotion [pride] they are associated with
38
how can comparing ourselves to others tie into emotions? and what study helps understand this?
- we use other to determine our own emotion
- Schchter & Singers 1962 study :
1) injected bunch of men with epinephrine/adrenaline
a) group 1: imjected no info about effects
b) group 2: injected told what drug would do
c) group 3: injected with a harmless
placebo.
d) results: Drug-uninformed participants reported feeling relatively happy or
angry depending on the confederate’s performance. In many instances, they even
exhibited similar kinds of behavior. One participant, for example, “threw open the window and, laughing, hurled paper basketballs at passersby.” In the druginformed
and placebo groups, however, participants were, as expected, less influenced by these social cues
39
provide a quick summary of the third method to get to know ourselves better ( theoretically)
- tend to describe ourselves in ways the highlight dissimilarities with other people
- we use others to discern our performance and emotions when were uncertain about them
- the ways in which we see we are similar and dissimilar from others help define ourselves
40
What is the fourth way we can know ourselves
Autobiographical memories
41
What are auto biographical memories?
memory of personal histroy
42
What "con" does autobiography memories hold?
we aren't able to remember all things easily, for example, events that are more positively affiliated are easier to remember.
43
What events are we more prone to remembering
1) positive social memories
2) recent events
3) "Firsts" (first day of college, first flight, first time exploring a city etc)
4) surprising events/flashbulb memories ( example: ask people who witnessed the day of 9/11 to recall and they probably can tell you
exactly where they were, who they were with, what they were thinking, and what
was happening the moment they heard the news )
44
what are flashbulb memories
enduring, detailed, high-resolution recollections
and speculated that humans are biologically equipped for survival purposes
to “print” dramatic events in memory.( like 9/11, day of a school shooting, car accident etc)
45
are autobiographical memories the best way to know oursleves
it can be however, probably not the best because it's very biased and leaves gaps,
46
out of the 4 theoreticall ways to get to know yourself, which ones are the best? rank from best to worst
1. the best- second method Perceptions of our own behaviour and the third method comparing oursleves to ther people
2. not the worst or best: fourth method autobiographical memories
3. worst- first method Introspection ( lots of cons)
47
how do cultural factors play a role in the view of self.
cultural factors can determine whether one has a collectivist or individualistic approach to defining their independent self
48
What is a collectivist approach to defining interdependent self
- "we" is important
- disapproves of egotism
- more likely to list group identities
ex: I am... "Punjabi"
49
which groups are more collectivist
- individuals in asaia, africa, Latin America, indigenous peoples
50
What is a individualistic approach to defining interdependent self
- "me" is improtant
- dissapproves of comformity
- more likely to list traits and goals
ex: I am ... creative
51
Who conducted a survey in what year that included european and east asian participants in america completing a survey
- kim and markus in 1999
52
how was kim and Markus (1999) experiment conducted
1) showed abstract figures to subjects from the United States and Korea. 2) Each figure
contained nine parts. Most of the parts were identical in shape, position, and
direction. One or more were different. ( Look at slide 34 of lecture 2)
3) Asked Which of the nine
subfigures within each group do you like most?
53
what wer ethe findings in kim and Markus (1999) experiment
The American subjects liked the
subfigures that were unique or in the minority, while Korean subjects preferred
those that “fit in” as part of the group.
54
what other experiment was conducted by kim and markus? Explain the process and results
1) In another study, these same researchers
approached pedestrians of American and East Asian heritage at San Francisco’s
airport to fill out a questionnaire.
Afterward, as a gift, they offered the participants
a choice of one pen from a handful of pens, three or four of which had the same
color barrel: green or orange.
2) The result:
74% of the Americans chose a uniquely
colored pen
76% of the East Asians selected a commonly
colored pen!
55
what is another category that can act as a cultural influence ? Explain how
1) Social class is another cultural factor that can influence the self-concept.
2) In Western countries, people with more income, education, and status tend
to have many opportunities to exhibit individualism by expressing their desires, their autonomy, and the pursuit of personal goals. They have more
control over the lives, greater personal choice, and more independence and
self-focus.
3) people with less income, education, and status are
more constrained in terms of what they can and cannot do. Navigating a low-income
world means having to rely more on others and fitting-in
56
what is self esteem?
an affective component of the self, made up of positive and neg self-evaluations
- high slef esteem = feel good about self
- low self esteem = feel less good/uncertain about self
57
what elements does self esteem have
trait and state elements
58
what are traits
person characteristic that remains stable across time and situations
59
what is state
considered to reflect a persons adaption to a particular situation
60
how is self esteem a trait
- self esteem is pretty stable over lifetime
- self-esteem declines from childhood to adolescence, gradually increases during
the transition to adulthood, continues to rise as adults get older, and declines in
old age
61
how is self esteem a state
self esteem can be a state (considered to reflect a persons adaption to a particular situation) because short-term variation following feedback. Ex: some people fluctuate a lot in resonse to feedback, making them highly responsive to praise and overly sensitive to crticism - others less so
62
what two theories expalin why we need self esteem?
- sociometer theory
- terror management theory
63
what is sociometer theory? Who founded it and when?
- Leary and Baumeisterm in 2000
- this theory discusses how people are inherently social and want social approval from others
- in a way saying self-esteem is important for survival
64
what is the terror management theory? Who founded it and when?
- greenbery, soloman and psyzczynski in 1997
- theory explains our need for self esteem, and how humans are biologically programmed for self preservations
- disscuses how were all conciuous/terrified of deaths inevitability
- and how to cope with that anxiety of death we accept explanations of how / who earth was created
( through religuion and sense of history filled with heors, villans and momentous events)
- this helps lower our anxiety
65
what are some outcomes with high self esteem
- happy
- healthy
- productive
- successful
- lower risk of health & substance abuse
66
what are some outcomes with low self-esteem
- depression
- pessimistic about the future
- prone to failure
67
do the factors associated with high self esteem have a causation relationship?
no, although high self-esteem leads people to feel good, take challenges and persist in the face of failure, the correlational evidence doesn't clearly support the strong conclusions
- there is more evidence that self-esteem stems from the consequences of success in life rather than high self-esteem causing better outcomes
68
list teh diffences in self esteem between men and women and between races
- men: higher self esteem for appearnce and athleticism
- women: Higher self-esteem for ethics and morality
- african americans: higher self esteem scores than white americans
- Latinx, asian and indigenous have lower self esteem than white people
69
what is the self awarness theory?
self focused attention leads people to notice self dispreancies, thereby motivating either an escape from self awarness or a change in bahviour ( basically when people are self focused they're more lieklky to behave in ways that are consistent with their own personal values or with socially accepted ideals )
70
what experiment demonstates the self awarness theory?
Beamans 1979 Halloween experiment
71
Describe beamans experiment and the results
1) children trick or treaters were greeted at researchers door and then left alone to get candy by themselves
2) children were asked to take 1 piece of candy only ( 34% violated the request)
3) when faced with a full-length mirror behind the candy bowl, % of people violating dropped to 12%
72
what are two ways to help the negative feelings assocaiated with self awarnes
1) fix what ur feeling bad about
2) stop thinking abou tit ( distract yourself
a) self medicate: but in a healthy way , people use binge eating, drug abse, sprititual ecstacy and TV. as menthods to "stop thinking about it :
- give yourslef self love
72
what is self regulation?
the process which people control their thoughts, feelings or behaviours in order to achieve personal or social goal
ex: u self regulate by not eating any "bad" food all day, u may have a particular hard time avoiding "bad" food later in the day
73
connect culture to self esteem,
- all people have the need for positive self regard
- individualists tend to use self-enchancement tactics
- collectivisits tend to maintain face in order to fit in
74
whats the spotlight effect and who created the term. what study was conduted to help understand this effect
Thomas Gilovich and others (2000) found the tendency to believe that the social spotlight shines more brightly on them than it really does
- In one set of studies, participants were asked to wear a T-shirt with a flattering or
embarrassing image into a room full of strangers, after which they estimated how many of those strangers would be able to identify the image. Demonstrating that
people self-consciously feel as if all eyes are on them, the T-shirted participants overestimated by 23% to 40% the number of observers who had noticed and could recall what they were wearing. Follow-up studies have similarly shown that
when people commit a public social blunder, they later overestimate the negative impact of their behavior on those who had observed them
75
what is self presentation
strategies that people use to shape what others think of them
76
what are the two types of of self presentation
1. strategic self presenation
2. self-vertifcation
77
whats strategic self presentation
Strategic self-presentation consists of our efforts to shape others’ impressions in
specific ways in order to gain influence, power, sympathy, or approval. Prominent
examples of strategic self-presentation are everywhere: in personal ads, in online
message boards, in political campaign promises, and in defendants’ appeals to
the jury. The specific goals vary and include the desire to be seen as likable,
competent, moral, dangerous, or helpless.
78
what study illustrates strategic self presentation ( explain the concept, and results of the study
1) Beth Pontari and Barry Schlenker (2000) instructed
research participants who tested as introverted or extroverted to present themselves
to a job interviewer in a way that was consistent or inconsistent with
their true personality. Without distraction, all participants successfully presented
themselves as introverted or extroverted, depending on the task they were given.
2) But could they present themselves as needed if, during the interview, they also had to keep an eight-digit number in mind for a memorization test?
3) In this situation,
cognitively busy participants self-presented successfully when asked to convey their true personalities but not when asked to portray themselves in a way that was out of character.
79
what are the two goals of strategic self presnetation
1. ingratiation: get along with others ( also neg cuz brown nosing )
2. self promotion: get ahead of others ( negative cuz its conceited)
80
whats self vertification?
- the desire to have others perceive us as we truly perceive oursleves ( we will try to correct people if they have what we deem is an inaccurate perception of us )
- people selectively elicit, recall and accept personality feedback that confimrs their self-conceptions, even if their self concept is negative
- desire for self certification appears to be universal, observed in both individualistic and collectivist cultures
81
whats self monitoring
- tendency to regulate ones own behaviour to meet demands of social situations
82
how do high self monitors appear as
- they appear to have a collection of selves from which to draw, they regatrd themselves a s pragmatic ( practical) , flexible and adaptive
83
how do low self monitors appear as?
theyre self-verifiers by nature, appearing less concerned abou the social acceptability of their behaviour and see themslves as principled and outspoken
