Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychology > Lecture 4 + Ch6 Module 18-20 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 + Ch6 Module 18-20 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

Define Prosopagnosia

A

face blindness, inability to recognize faces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define Sensation

A

Receiving, translating, and transmitting raw sensory information from the external and internal environments to the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define Sensory Receptors

A

sensory nerve endings that respond to stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define Perception

A

Our brain organizes and interprets sensory info, enabling us to recognize objects and events as meaningful

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define Bottom-up Processing

A

info processing that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain’s integration of sensory information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define Top-down Processing

A

Interpreting what our senses detect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the 3 steps of the sensation process?

A
  1. Reception
  2. Transduction
  3. Transmission
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Define Reception

A

the stimulation of sensory receptor cells by energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define Transduction

A

transforming cell stimulation into neural impulses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Define Transmission

A

Delivering neural info to the brain to be processed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Define Psychophysics

A

the study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli and our psychological experience of them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Define Absolute Threshold

A

the minimum stimulus energy needed to detect a particular stimulus half the time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Define Subliminal

A

Anything below Absolute Threshold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Define Sensory Reduction

A

Filter and analyze incoming sensations before sending neural impulses onto the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Define Signal Detection Theory

A

a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint signal amid background noise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Define The Difference Threshold

A

the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection half the time. “Just noticeable difference”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Define Sensory Adaptation

A

diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Why don’t we visually notice sensory adaption?

A

Our eyes are always moving, causing the stimulation on the eyes’ receptors to continually change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Define Perceptual Set

A

a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is Context?

A

Affects our interpretations, our expectations influence our perceptions constantly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is Motivation?

A

Motives give us energy as we work toward a goal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is Emotion?

A

It can shove our perceptions in one direction or another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How does light travel?

A

in waves, and the shape of those waves influence what we see

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Define Wavelength

A

The distance from one peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Light wave’s amplitude determines…

A

the intensity – the amount of energy the wave contains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Short light wavelength =

A

high frequency (bluish colours)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Long light wavelength =

A

low frequency (reddish colours)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Great light amplitude =

A

bright colours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Small light amplitude =

A

dull colours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How does light enter our eye?

A

through the cornea, which bends light to help provide focus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Define Iris

A

a coloured muscle that dilates or constricts in response to light intensity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Define Rods

A

Retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray, and are sensitive to movement

33
Q

Why are Rods necessary?

A

For peripheral and twilight vision when cones don’t respond

34
Q

Define Cones

A

retinal receptors that are concentrated near the center of the retina, and function in well-lit conditions

35
Q

Why are Cones necessary?

A

they detect fine detail and give rise to colour sensations

36
Q

Are there more rods or cones in our eye?

A

Rods (20 times more common than cones)

37
Q

What are the 2 stages of colour processing?

A
  1. Trichromatic Theory
  2. Opponent-Process Theory
38
Q

What is Trichromatic Theory?

A

The retina’s red, green, and blue-sensitive cones respond in varying degrees to different colour stimuli

39
Q

What is Opponent-Process Theory?

A

within one colour pair, one will respond positively to one colour and negatively to the other

40
Q

Define Parallel Processing

A

processing multiple aspects of a stimulus or problem simultaneously

41
Q

Define Feature Detectors

A

nerve cells in the brain’s visual cortex that respond to specific features of the stimulus

42
Q

Amplitude of sound waves determines…

A

their perceived loudness

43
Q

short sound waves =

A

high frequency and high pitch

44
Q

long sound waves =

A

low frequency and low pitch

45
Q

great sound amplitude =

A

loud sounds

46
Q

small sound amplitude =

A

soft sounds

47
Q

What is the absolute threshold for hearing?

A

zero decibels

48
Q

What does the outer ear do?

A

collects the sound and funnels it to the eardrum

49
Q

What does the middle ear do?

A

a piston made of three tiny bones – the hammer, anvil, and stirrup – picks up the vibrations and transmits them to the cochlea

50
Q

What does the inner ear do?

A

moves waves of fluid from the oval window over the cochlea’s “hair” receptor cells which send signals through the auditory nerves to the temporal lobe of the brain

51
Q

Define Sensorineural Hearing Loss

A

the most common form of hearing loss, caused by damage to the cochlea’s receptor cells or to the auditory nerve (nerve deafness)

52
Q

Conduction Hearing Loss

A

a less common form of hearing loss, caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea

53
Q

Define Place Theory

A

we hear different pitches because different sound waves trigger activity at different places along the cochlea’s basilar membrane

54
Q

Define Frequency Theory

A

the brain reads pitch by monitoring the frequency of neural impulses traveling up the auditory nerve

55
Q

What is the problem with frequency theory?

A

An individual neuron cannot fire faster than 1000 times per second, so what about sounds with frequencies above 1000 waves per second?

56
Q

Define Volley Principle

A

Neural cells can alternate firing, so by firing in rapid succession, they can achieve a combine frequency above 1000 waves per second (the solution to frequency theory problem)

57
Q

Which theory best explains how we sense low pitches?

A

Frequency Theory + Volley Principle

58
Q

Which theory best explains how we can sense high pitches?

A

Place Theory

59
Q

What are the 3 basic perceptual processes?

A
  1. Selection
  2. Organization
  3. Interpretation
60
Q

Define Selection

A

attending to some sensory stimuli while
ignoring others

61
Q

Define Organization

A

assembling information into patterns
that help us understand the world

62
Q

Define Interpretation

A

how the brain explains sensations

63
Q

We organize sensory information in terms of:

A

form
depth
motion
constancy
colour

64
Q

Define Depth Perception

A

Depth perception involves both binocular (two eyes) and monocular (one eye) cues

65
Q

What are Binocular Depth Cues?

A

retinal disparity (different images fall on each retina due to the distance between our eyes) & convergence (The closer the object, the more our eyes are turned inward)

66
Q

Define Perceptual Illusions

A

False or misleading perceptions that help
scientists study normal processes of perception

67
Q

What are the 4 major factors of interpretation?

A
  1. Perceptual Adaptation
  2. Perceptual Set
  3. Context effects
  4. bottom up vs top down processing
68
Q

What are our chemical senses?

A

Taste and Smell

69
Q

Define Anosmia

A

unable to smell

70
Q

What are the 5 taste’s sensations?

A

sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and umami (MSG)

71
Q

We smell something when…

A

molecules of a substance carried in the air reach a tiny cluster of receptor cells at the top of each nasal cavity

72
Q

Pain is the body’s way of saying…

A

something has gone wrong

73
Q

Pain is a…

A

biopsychosocial phenomenon

74
Q

What is Gate-Control Theory?

A

the spinal cord contains a neurological “gate” that controls the transmission of pain messages to the brain

75
Q

How can chronic pain be treated?

A

gate-closing stimulation and mental activity

76
Q

What are the 3 ways to control pain?

A
  1. placebo
  2. distraction
  3. hypnosis
77
Q

What are the four sensations of touch?

A
  1. pressure
  2. warmth
  3. cold
  4. pain
78
Q

What is Kinesthesia?

A

keeps you aware of your body parts’ position and movement

79
Q

What is Vestibular Sense?

A

monitors your head’s position and movement

Psychology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions