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Psychology > Lecture 3 + Textbook ch6 module 4-7 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 + Textbook ch6 module 4-7 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Neurons

A

cells that receive, integrate and transmit information

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2
Q

What are the 2 types of cells the nervous system is comprised of?

A

neurons and glial cells

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3
Q

Define Glial cells

A

cells that support neurons, the glue

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4
Q

How do glial cells support neurons?

A

provide nourishment, remove waste products, and provide insulation around axons

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5
Q

How many neurons are in the human brain?

A

about 60 billion

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6
Q

The neuron features:

A

soma, dendrites, axons, myelin sheath, and terminal branches

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7
Q

What % of brain’s total cells are glial cells?

A

about 90%

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8
Q

Which replaces itself more: neurons or glial cells?

A

glial cells

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9
Q

Define Dendrites

A

receives messages from other cells and conducts it towards cell body (soma)

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10
Q

Define Cell Body

A

the cell’s life-support center

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11
Q

Define Axons

A

Passes messages away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands

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12
Q

Define Terminal Branches of Axon

A

form junctions with other cells

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13
Q

Define Action Potential

A

electrical signal travelling down the axon

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14
Q

Define Myelin Sheath

A

covers the axon of some neurons and helps speed neural impulses

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15
Q

What are the 3 main parts of the neuron?

A

Cell Body, Dendrites, Axons

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16
Q

What does the terminal buttons do?

A

transmit the messages to thee dendrites of other cells at meeting points synapses

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17
Q

Define Nodes of Ranvier

A

intervals where myelin is thin or absent

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18
Q

Why is the myelin sheath important?

A

the insulation protects the axons from accidentally receiving messages from other cells around them

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19
Q

Are all neurons covered in myelin?

A

no

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20
Q

What is the excitatory signal?

A

it allows the neuron to fire, the “gas”, causes depolarization

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21
Q

What is the inhibitory signal?

A

it prevents the neuron from firing, the “brake”, causes hyperpolarization

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22
Q

What charge does neurons “at rest” have?

A

negative charge

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23
Q

What is resting potential?

A

positive outside and negative inside state

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24
Q

Define Depolarization

A

the shift from negative to positive voltage

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25
Q

What happens during the resting stage?

A

the sodium channels that opened, close in less than a millisecond and the potassium channels + the positively charged potassium items are pumped out of the cell

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26
Q

Define All-or-None Response

A

the neurons fire or they don’t

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27
Q

Define Synapse

A

the junction between the terminal button of one neuron (pre-synaptic) and either:
the dendrite of another (post-synaptic)
the membrane of a muscle gland
or a gland

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28
Q

Define Synaptic Cleft

A

the gap between the terminal button of the pre-synaptic neuron and the cell membrane of the post-synaptic neuron

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29
Q

What are neurotransmitters responsible for?

A

transmitting info from one neuron to another through the synaptic cleft

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30
Q

Define Receptor Sites

A

in the post-synaptic neuron where neurotransmitters bind to the neuron

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31
Q

What is the lock and Key Mechanism?

A

there are different receptor sites for different neurotransmitters, and they fit like a key in a lock

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32
Q

What happens to the excess neurotransmitters?

A

they either drift away, are broken down by an enzyme, or are re-absorbed by the pre-synaptic neuron

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33
Q

Define Reuptake

A

When neurotransmitters are reused and recycled for future use

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34
Q

Define Neurotransmitters

A

the chemicals that are released by terminal buttons to communicate with other neurons across the synaptic cleft

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35
Q

What is Hyperpolarization?

A

when positive ions flow out and negative ions flow in

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36
Q

Define Agonist

A

A chemical that increases the action of a neurotransmitter

37
Q

Define Antagonist

A

A chemical that opposes/blocks the action of a neurotransmitter

38
Q

What are some common neurotransmitters?

A

acetylcholine, dopamine, endorphins, serotonin, norepinephrine, GABA, glutamate

39
Q

Define Nervous System

A

the body’s speedy electrochemical communication network, which consists of all nerve cells of CNS and PNS

40
Q

Define Central Nervous System

A

comprised of the brain and spinal cord which are the body’s decision-makers

41
Q

What does the Spinal Cord do?

A

transmits info between the brain to the rest of the body through the PNS, handles simple reflexes

42
Q

the brain is 3lbs of…

A

protein, fat, and fluid

43
Q

Define Peripheral Nervous System

A

comprised of the nerves that lie outside the brain and spinal cord

44
Q

What are the two subareas of PNS?

A

somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

45
Q

Define Somatic Nervous System

A

also called skeletal system. Nerves that connect to voluntary skeletal muscles and sensory receptors

46
Q

The Somatic Nervous System is further subdivided into:

A

Sensory Neurons, Motor Neurons, and Interneurons

47
Q

Define Sensory Neurons

A

Carry information from the body’s tissues and sensory receptors to the CNS

48
Q

Define Motor Neurons

A

Carry outgoing information from CNS to the muscles and glands

49
Q

Define Interneurons

A

Sensory-motor relay within the CNS

50
Q

Define Autonomic Nervous System

A

Nerves that connect to the heart, blood vessels, smooth muscles and glands

51
Q

Autonomic Nervous System is further subdivided into:

A

Sympathetic Nervous System and Parasympathetic Nervous System

52
Q

Define Sympathetic NS

A

Stimulates energy resources to deal with threatening situations e.g., fight or flight

53
Q

Define Parasympathetic NS

A

acts to conserve energy, calms you down

54
Q

What are the 3 main divisions of vertebrae brains?

A

Hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain

55
Q

Define Hindbrain

A

contains brainstem structures that direct essential survival functions

56
Q

Define Midbrain

A

connects the hindbrain to forebrain, controls some movement and transmit info that enables seeing and hearing

57
Q

Define Forebrain

A

manages complex cognitive activities, sensory and associative functions, and voluntary motor activities

58
Q

Define Brainstem

A

is central core of brain, beginning where spinal cord swells; responsible for automatic survival functions

59
Q
A
60
Q

Define Medulla

A

located at the base of the brainstem, controls heartbeat and breathing

60
Q

Define Pons

A

Sits above the medulla and helps coordinate movement and controls sleep

61
Q

Define Cerebellum

A

the hindbrain’s “little brain” attached to the rear of the brainstem, helps coordinate voluntary movements and balance, enables nonverbal learning and skill memory

62
Q

What happens when there is damage to the cerebellum?

A

coordination difficulties

63
Q

Define Thalamus

A

located on the top of the brainstem, direct messages to sensory receiving areas in cortex, and transmits replies to cerebellum and medulla

64
Q

Define Reticular Formation

A

plays an important role in controlling arousal, and filters information

65
Q

Define Limbic System

A

is a doughnut-shaped system of neural structures at the border of the brainstem and cerebrum, associated with emotions

66
Q

4 Fs of the Limbic System

A

fight, flight, feeding, and fornication

67
Q

the limbic system contains…

A

amygdala, hypothalamus, hippocampus

68
Q

Define Amygdala

A

involved in the response of fear and aggression

69
Q

Define Hypothalamus

A

regulates body functions like hunger, thirst, body temp. linked to emotion & reward, and the control of the endocrine system and pituitary glands

70
Q

Define Hippocampus

A

processes conscious memories, converts short term into long term memory, decreases in size and function with age

71
Q

What is the Cerebral Cortex?

A

a thin layer of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres, body’s ultimate control and info processing centre

72
Q

The cerebral cortex contains…

A

20-23 billion nerve cells and 300 trillion synaptic connections

73
Q

What are the 4 lobes of cerebral cortex?

A

frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital

74
Q

Define frontal lobe

A

receives and coordinates messages from other lobes, motor control, speech production, located right behind the forehead

75
Q

Define Parietal Lobe

A

Receives info about pressure, pain, touch and temperature, located on the top, near the back of the head

76
Q

Define Occipital Lobe

A

primary visual cortex, input from eyes via optic nerve; output to parietal & temporal lobes, located at the back of the head

77
Q

Define Temporal Lobe

A

Primary auditory cortex, memory and some emotion control, input from ears; outputs to limbic system, basal ganglia and brainstem, located almost directly below the parietal lobe

78
Q

What happens if there is damage to temporal lobe?

A

inability to store anything in long term memory

79
Q

Define Motor Cortex

A

Right hemisphere section controls the body’s left side

80
Q

Define Somatosensory Cortex

A

Left hemisphere section receives input from the body’s right side

81
Q

Define Association Areas

A

found in all four lobes, responsible for interpreting, integrating and acting on info received and process by sensory info and then linking it with stored memories

82
Q

Why are Association Areas not involved in primary motor or primary sensory functions?

A

Association areas are busy with higher mental functions

83
Q

What happened to Phineas Gage?

A

an iron rod was pushed through the front of his skull, caused damage to the frontal lobe, changed his personality from mild-mannered and calm to moody and selfish

84
Q

What does Brain’s Plasticity refer to?

A

the brain’s ability to modify itself after some types of injury or illness

85
Q

Define Lateralization

A

greater localization of function in one hemisphere, but not left vs right hemisphere

86
Q

Define Corpus Callosum

A

Mass of neurons that connect the left and right hemisphere, allowing communication between them

87
Q

What does Splitting the Brain refer to?

A

a procedure in which two hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting the connecting fibers between them

Psychology (4 decks)

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