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Psychology > Lecture 2 + Textbook Ch1: Module 2-3 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 + Textbook Ch1: Module 2-3 Flashcards

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1
Q

If we want to know something, we…

A

We could make a reasonable guess based on our experiences, thoughts and beliefs, we could go ask people, and we could conduct research ourselves

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2
Q

What are the 3 limits to using our intuition or commonsense?

A

The coincidence error (mistakenly perceiving order in random events), hindsight bias, and overconfidence error

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3
Q

What is The Coincidence Error?

A

Perceiving order in random events where there isn’t any, which makes us think we can make a prediction from a random series (seeing a pattern where there isn’t one)

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4
Q

What is Hindsight Bias?

A

After learning the outcome of an event, many people believe they could have predicted that very outcome. “I knew it all along”

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5
Q

What is Overconfidence Error?

A

Overestimating our performance, our rate of work, our skills, and our degree of self-control. “I am sure I am correct”

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6
Q

Why do we overuse our intuition?

A

Sometimes our intuition gives us the right answer, which makes us trust it even more (e.g., positive reinforcement)

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7
Q

What is Scientific Research?

A

It is more effective and generalizable than intuition, avoids hindsight bias, and forces us to look at evidence compared to our guesses

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8
Q

What is the importance of Scientific Research?

A

“facts” and “truths” often come from research, and people who do not understand research sometimes misinterpret research findings

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9
Q

What is The Scientific Method?

A

a self-correcting process for evaluating ideas with observation and analysis.

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10
Q

What are the 4 key features of The Scientific Method?

A

Theories, hypothesis, research & observation, and replication

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11
Q

What are the 3 key psychological research methods?

A

experimental research, descriptive research, and correlational research

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12
Q

What is Experimental Research?

A

Manipulation and control of variables, identifying cause and effect

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13
Q

What is Descriptive Research?

A

The researcher observes and records behaviour without producing casual explanations

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14
Q

What is Correlational Research?

A

The researcher observes or measures (without directly manipulating) two or more variables to determine if there is a relationship between them.

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15
Q

What are the advantages of Experimental Research?

A

Allows researchers precise control over variables and to identify cause and effect.

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16
Q

What are the advantages of Descriptive Research?

A

Minimizes artificiality, easier to collect data, allows description of behaviour and mental processes as they occur

17
Q

What are the advantages of Correlational Research?

A

Helps clarify relationships between variables that cannot be examined by other methods and allows prediction

18
Q

What are the 2 problems of correlation?

A

Illusory correlations (superstitions) and regression towards the mean

19
Q

What is Positive Correlation?

A

two variables move in the same direction

20
Q

What is Negative Correlation?

A

two variables move in the opposite direction

21
Q

What is Zero Correlation?

A

No correlation

22
Q

What is Correlation Coefficient?

A

Statistical measure of the relationship between two variables

23
Q

What are the 3 Measures of Central Tendency?

A

Mode, Mean, and Median

24
Q

What is Mode?

A

The most frequently occurring score in a distribution

25
Q

What is Mean?

A

The arithmetic average of scores in a distribution obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores that were added together

26
Q

What is Median?

A

The middle score in a rank-ordered distribution

27
Q

What is Variability?

A

how similar or different people in the sample are from one another. Two samples with the same mean can be very different

28
Q

What is Range?

A

The different between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution

29
Q

What is Standard Deviation?

A

A computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean; a calculation of the average distance between scores from the mean

30
Q

What is a Bell Curve?

A

Scores on aptitude tests tend to form a normal or bell-shaped curve

31
Q

What is Post-Truth?

A

Describing a modern culture where people’s emotions and personal beliefs often override their acceptance of objective facts

32
Q

What is Operational Definitions?

A

A carefully worded statement of the exact procedures (operations) used in a research study

33
Q

What is Independent Variable?

A

factor that is manipulated

34
Q

What is Dependent Variable?

A

factor that is measured

35
Q

What is Confounding Variable?

A

a variable other than the variable being studied that might influence a study’s results

Psychology (4 decks)

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