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BIO 236 Cells And Immunity > Lecture 4: Cell, Tissue And Organ Culture > Flashcards

Lecture 4: Cell, Tissue And Organ Culture Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Tissue engineering

A
  • Simple - e.g. single cell type such as chondrocytes (secrete cartilage) & keratinocytes (found in skin) - mainly 2D
  • Complex - e.g. Bone & liver - mainly 3D, some require vascular supply
  • Organoids
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2
Q

Skin

A

Epidermis: Mainly keratinocytes (prickle cells) & smaller numbers of melanocytes
Dermis: Connective tissue, collagen, fibroblasts (secrete collagen), blood vessels etc

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3
Q

Skin functions

A
  • protection
  • immunological (barrier)
  • fluid, protein, & electrolyte homeostasis
  • thermoregulation
  • neurosensory
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4
Q

Skin grafts

A

Source of cells:
- cadavers or biopsy (e.g. neonatal foreskins) (allografts (from other people))
- porcine (xenografts/heterografts) e.g. permacol
- individual (autograft (your own cells) e.g. Epicel & Laserskin cultured epidermal autografts

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5
Q

Types of skin grafts

A
  • one layer - e.g. epidermal kerartinocytes - Epicel®
  • two layers - e.g. both keratinocytes & fibroblasts - Apligraf®
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6
Q

One layer

A
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7
Q

Epicel®

A
  • Epicel® cultured epidermal autografts (CEA) (from own individual) is an aseptically processed wound dressing comprised of the patients own (autologous) ….
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8
Q

Epicel®

A
  • is indicated for use in patients who have deep dermal or full thickness burns comprising a total body surface area of greater than or equal to 30%
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9
Q

Two layers

A
  • equivalent of a epidermis & dermis
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10
Q

Laser skin

A
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11
Q

.

A
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12
Q

.

A
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13
Q

COMPLEX: Bone

A
  • skeletal stem cells (proliferative ability)
  • require scaffolds
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14
Q

What are scaffolds?

A
  • porous & degradable mesh-works that cells attach to
  • recreate ECM in terms of physical & chemical properties. Provided growth factors & allow cellular proliferation
    …
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15
Q

Scaffolds

A
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16
Q

Examples of advances in tissue engineering: BONE

A

Compact bone structure:
- central blood vessel
- cell extensions

17
Q

Bone

A

cellular components (ca. 15% of bone)
- Osteoblasts - cells that secrete the matrix
- Osteocytes - cells that are formed from osteoblasts & may have limited powers of matrix formation
- Osteoclasts - cells that digest & re-model bone (a type of macrophage)

Matrix:
- osteoid collagen - a type of I collagen
- proteoglycan
- GAG
…..

18
Q

‘Printing’ a bone scaffold

A
19
Q

Producing osteoblasts from induced pluripotent stem cells

A
  • addition of specific growth factors
  • addition of calcium phosphate
  • osteogenic growth medium
20
Q

Exogenous adenosine induced osteogenic differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs)

A
21
Q

In vitro bone-forming ability of hiPSC-derived cells

A
22
Q

hiPSC-derived osteoblasts (Ad-hiPSCs) contribute to the healing of critical-
sized bone defects through the formation of vascularized neobone tissue

A
23
Q

Examples of advances in tissue engineering: EYE

A

The human eye

24
Q

Cornea (outer layer)

A

epithelium (outer layer): stratified, squamous epithelium
Bowman’s layer: collagen
Stroma: collagen plus keratinocytes
Endothelium: cuboidal

25
Q

Corneal implant made from
recombinant human collagen type
III

A
26
Q

Cross section of normal vs Biosynthetic vs Human donor

A
27
Q

Diseases affecting the retina (back of the eye)

A
  • age related macular degeneration (ARMD; photoreceptor loss)
  • Glaucoma
  • Retinis pigmentosa …..
28
Q

ARMD

A

Two types:
1. Dry ARMD - slow to develop, caused by waste product deposits (drusen) that build up in the macula

29
Q

Symptoms of dry ARMD

A
30
Q

ARMD

A

Two types:
2. Wet ARMD: rapid onset, more serious, caused by blood vessel rupture

31
Q

iPSCs and age related macular
degeneration (ARMD)

A
  • wet AMD involves damage to retinal pigment epithelial cells
  • these cells are in a monolayer that supports the overlying photoreceptors & underlying choroidal vasculature in the eye
  • study in 2017 … took skin fibroblasts from 77 year old patient with AMD ….
32
Q

How stem cells may cure blindness

A
33
Q

Advances in retinal developemnt in vitro

A

Day 0: culture embryonic stem cells with a dash of growth factors

Add Matrigel, a cell substrate

Day 2 - 4: cells form embryoid bodies; many become neural precursor cells

34
Q

.

A
35
Q

Examples of advances in tissue engineering: VASCUALR GRAFTS

A

BIO 236 Cells And Immunity (12 decks)

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