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Physiology of Exercise 1 > LECTURE 4: Cardiovascular responses to exercise, glycolysis, middle-distance athlete > Flashcards

LECTURE 4: Cardiovascular responses to exercise, glycolysis, middle-distance athlete Flashcards

1
Q

list three purposes of the circulatory system

A

deliver O2 & nutrition, remove CO2 and waste, regulate body temperature

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2
Q

list the two major adjustment of blood flow during exercise

A

increased CO, redistribution of blood flow

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3
Q

when the heart remodels as an exercise response, do the chambers increase or decrease in volume?

A

increase

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4
Q

when the heart remodels as an exercise response, to the cardiac wall increase or decrease in thickness?

A

increase

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5
Q

what is the Morganroth hypothesis?

A

endurance athletes experience eccentric cardiac remodelling that create large ventricle volumes and relatively low wall thickness, power athletes experience concentric remodelling that create thick ventricle walls and relatively small ventricle volume

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6
Q

what is the leading cause of mortality in athletes during sport?

A

sudden cardiac death

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7
Q

at rest, which is longer: diastole or systole

A

diastole

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8
Q

in exercise, which is longer: diastole or systole

A

neither - same length

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9
Q

the length of which of the following is decreased in exercise: diastole or systole?

A

diastole

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10
Q

what causes the first heart sound?

A

closure of the AV valves

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11
Q

what causes the second heart sound?

A

closure of the semilunar valves

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12
Q

what is pulse pressure?

A

the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

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13
Q

what is mean arterial pressure?

A

mean pressure in the arteries

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14
Q

what is the calculation for mean arterial pressure?

A

MAP = DBP + 0.33 (SBP - DBP)

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15
Q

what blood pressure value is considered hypertensive?

A

> 140/90mmHg

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16
Q

list five factors influencing blood pressure

A

blood volume, heart rate, stroke volume, blood viscosity, peripheral resistance

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17
Q

what is the short term regulator of blood pressure?

A

SNS

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18
Q

what is the long term regulator of blood pressure?

A

kidneys

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19
Q

what is the calculation for cardiac output?

A

CO = HR x SV

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20
Q

what regulatory properties does the PNS have on HR?

A

slowing HR by inhibiting SA & AV nodes via the vagus nerve

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21
Q

what regulatory properties does the SNS have on HR?

A

speeding up HR by stimulating SA & AV nodes via cardiac accelerator nerves

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22
Q

is the SNS stimulation or PNS withdrawal responsible for the initial rise in HR? (~100beats/min)

A

parasympathetic withdrawal

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23
Q

is it more healthy to have a wide heart rate variability (HRV) or low HRV?

A

wide HRV

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24
Q

what do beta-blockers do to heart rate in submax and maximal exerciser?

A

lowers HR

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25
Q

list three factors affecting stroke volume?

A

Preload/EDV, afterload (average aortic BP or MAP), strength of ventricular contraction

26
Q

describe the frank-starling mechanism

A

greater EDV results in more forceful ventricular contraction due to greater stretch of ventricle walls

27
Q

list three mechanisms that increase venous return?

A

venoconstriction (by SNS), skeletal muscle pump, respiratory pump

28
Q

what is the calculation for ejection fraction?

A

EF% = SV / EDV

29
Q

describe ejection fraction

A

proportion of blood pumped out of ventricles with each pump

30
Q

what is the average EF% at rest and is it greater or lesser during exercise?

A

60% at rest, greater in exercise

31
Q

list the three functions of blood

A

transport gas, nutrients & waste, regulate temperature, buffer & balance acid/base

32
Q

what is the mandated haematocrit cap according to anti-doping authorities?

A

48%

33
Q

how much does muscle O2 demand increase in exercise from rest?

A

x15-20

34
Q

at what %VO2max does the increase in SV plateau?

A

~40%

35
Q

do elite athletes experience an SV plateau at a higher or lower %VO2max?

A

neither - elite athletes do not experience plateau

36
Q

does HR increase at a linear or non-linear rate as exercise intensity increases?

A

linear

37
Q

state whether the following increase or not during exercise: systolic BP, diastolic BP, MAP

A

increase, no increase, increase

38
Q

where is most glycogen stores: the liver or skeletal muscle/

A

skeletal muscle

39
Q

what is the ATP input requirement for using glucose in glycolysis

A

2ATP

40
Q

what is the ATP input requirement for using glycogen in glycolysis

A

3ATP

41
Q

when does glycogenolysis begin in relation to glycolysis?

A

soon after glycolysis begins and blood glucose has begun to drop

42
Q

what triggers up-regulation of glycolysis?

A

dropping ATP levels in the cell

43
Q

what triggers down-regulation of glycolysis?

A

rising levels of ATP in the cell (IE when fat metabolism meets energy demands)

44
Q

what is the main regulatory enzyme of glycolysis?

A

phosphofruktokinase (PFK-1)

45
Q

what cellular actions inhibit PFK-1 action?

A

raised ATP, citrate and H+ levels

46
Q

why does citrate presence inhibit PFK-1?

A

citrate indicates high use of the krebs cycle and FFA to meet ATP demands, reducing the need for glycolysis

47
Q

why do high H+ levels inhibit PFK-1?

A

H+ is a result of glycolysis, if levels rise too high cellular damage may occur. Thus, PFK-1 is inhibited to lower glycolysis rates

48
Q

what triggers activation of PFK-1?

A

low ATP, high ADP & AMP

49
Q

what energy system do middle distance athletes use most?

A

glycolysis

50
Q

do middle distance athletes produce the least or the most lactate?

A

the most

51
Q

what two systems produce energy in the initial stages of a middle distance event?

A

ATP-PC system, GLycolysis

52
Q

define oxygen deficit

A

lag in oxygen uptake at the beginning of exercise

53
Q

will people with higher fitness levels engage aerobic systems earlier or later than people with lower fitness in middle distance events? Why?

A

faster, means they can reserve their PC and glycogen stores for later

54
Q

describe the rapid portion of the O2 debt

A

resynthesis of stored PC, replenishing muscle and blood O2, takes up first part of recovery

55
Q

describe the slow portion of the O2 debt

A

elevated HR & breathing leads to higher energy needs, higher body temperature and catecholamine levels lead to higher metabolic rate, involves conversion of lactic acid to glucose (gluconeogenesis) occurs later in recovery after rapid portion

56
Q

how long does a middle distance event last for?

A

1-8mins

57
Q

what is the primary cause of exhaustion in 3-7mins of max effort?

A

accumulation of H+ in the cell

58
Q

do high H+ levels create an acidic environment in the blood or in the cell?

A

cell

59
Q

what is the resting pH of blood

A

7.40

60
Q

do high lactate levels cause acidity of the blood or cells?

A

blood

61
Q

what happens to ‘recycled’ lactate?

A

some taken by liver and undergoes gluconeogenesis, some taken by heart & muscles and converted to pyruvate for other biomechanical processes

62
Q

how is H+ cleared from the body after exercise?

A

reacts with bicarbonate in blood to be neutralised

Physiology of Exercise 1 (6 decks)

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