LECTURE 3: respiratory system, GI tract during exercise

Question 1

what is the purpose of respiratory muscle training (RMT)?

Answer 1

training of the respiratory muscles to increase respiratory muscle endurance (RME)

Question 2

provide an example of a breath trainer

Answer 2

altitude masks: limit air that can be breathed in, making respiratory muscles work harder

Question 3

what is spirometry a measure of?

Answer 3

pulmonary volumes and rate of expired airflow

Question 4

list two spirometry tests

Answer 4

Forced vital capacity (FVC), Forced expiratory capacity in one second (FEV1)

Question 5

describe what an FVC test measures

Answer 5

vital capacity, amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a maximal inhale

Question 6

describe what an FEV1 test measures

Answer 6

amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled in one second after a maximal inhale

Question 7

what is a normal FEV1/VC ratio?

Answer 7

> /= 80%

Question 8

at what altitude does altitude have noticeable effects on performance?

Answer 8

~1500m

Question 9

does altitude affect anaerobic or aerobic performance more?

Answer 9

aerobic: lower PO2 leads to lower O2 delivery to muscle. not anaerobic due to the low need for O2 during exercise

Question 10

is VO2max higher or lower at altitude?

Answer 10

Lower - due to lower oxygen extraction

Question 11

what factors influence the speed of adaptation to training at altitude?

Answer 11

previous exposure to altitude, individual variability

Question 12

if oxygen saturation at sea level is close to 98/99%, what is the saturation at altitude?

Answer 12

85/86%

Question 13

list five influences on Hb concentration

Answer 13

training, nutrition, altitude, gender, genetics

Question 14

list two things determining shifts in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve

Answer 14

PO2 of blood, affinity of Hb for O2

Question 15

is myoglobin’s affinity for O2 higher or lower than haemoglobin?

Answer 15

higher

Question 16

does high temperature lower or raise Hb-O2 affinity and which direction does it shift the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve?

Answer 16

lowers, right shift

Question 17

does high pH lower or raise Hb-O2 affinity and which direction does it shift the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve?

Answer 17

raises, left shift

Question 18

is it more beneficial to have high or low pH at the tissue level of ciruclation?

Answer 18

low pH at the tissue level, this encourages Hb-O2 dissociation for O2 transport into tissue

Question 19

what form is 70% of CO2 transported in in the blood

Answer 19

bicarbonate ions (HCO3-)

Question 20

what percentage of CO2 is transported bound to Hb?

Answer 20

20%

Question 21

does ventilation fall or rise during prolonged submax exercise in hot/humid conditions when compared to non-hot/humid?

Answer 21

rise

Question 22

how does training reduce the ventilatory response to exercise?

Answer 22

changes in aerobic capacity of muscles result in lower H+ production and less afferent feedback from muscles to stimulate breathing

Question 23

does the training reduction in ventilatory response to exercise involve changes to lung structure?

Answer 23

no

Question 24

why do GI tract difficulties mostly effect endurance athletes?

Answer 24

greater time exercising allows for more time for the gut to play up

Question 25

what percentage of endurance athletes experience GI discomfort?

Answer 25

> 60%

Question 26

What chemical passes through the epithelial lining of the gut when exercising in the heat that shouldn’t

Answer 26

LPS/endotoxin

Question 27

what happens to the gut epithelia to allow LPS/endotoxin to pass into the bloodstream?

Answer 27

permeability increases, tight junctions between cells loosen

Question 28

what happens to the gut epithelia to allow LPS/endotoxin to pass into the bloodstream?

Answer 28

permeability increases, tight junctions between cells loosen

Question 29

list three factors increasing GI disturbances in exercise

Answer 29

weight bearing vs non-weight bearing exercise, high intensity exercise vs low intensity, environmental conditions such as heat