Lecture 4: Cardiovascular disease Flashcards
Etiology
studies the causes/origins of a disease
Cause
combination of effects, conditions and/or characteristics that play an essential role in producing disease
Component cause
factor that contributes to the disease, but cannot cause it alone
Necessary cause
component cause that’s required for the development of the disease
Sufficient cause
combination of factors that inevitably causes disease
Positive cause
presence of an exposure causes disease
Negative cause
absence of an exposure causes disease
Reverse causation
outcome could influence the exposure
Outcome
all possible results that stem from exposure
Synergism
combination of exposures exceeds adding up or multiplying separate effect
Antagonism
combination of exposures “silences” the seperate effects
Induction time
time it takes to complete all sufficient causes of the disease
Latency time
time it takes from last sufficient cause to time of diagnosis of disease
Background risk
natural occurence of disease in the unexposed population
RD
rate difference; extra risk - background risk
RR
rate ratio; extra risk / background risk
Population strategy
try to shift the whole population distribution
High risk strategy
try to move high risk individuals
Middle-road strategy
moderate reduction in weight in the top half of the population
Prevention paradox
small absolute risk for individuals may have a large impact on population health, and vice versa
Independent sample t-test
to compare two different groups
Paired sample t-test
test difference within one group before and after intervention
One sample t-test
compare one group to a hypothesis or the population average
Random sampling error
each sample will include slightly different people and their characteristics will tend to vary from those in other samples, just by change
