Lecture 4: Cardiovascular disease

Question 1

Etiology

Answer 1

studies the causes/origins of a disease

Question 2

Cause

Answer 2

combination of effects, conditions and/or characteristics that play an essential role in producing disease

Question 3

Component cause

Answer 3

factor that contributes to the disease, but cannot cause it alone

Question 4

Necessary cause

Answer 4

component cause that’s required for the development of the disease

Question 5

Sufficient cause

Answer 5

combination of factors that inevitably causes disease

Question 6

Positive cause

Answer 6

presence of an exposure causes disease

Question 7

Negative cause

Answer 7

absence of an exposure causes disease

Question 8

Reverse causation

Answer 8

outcome could influence the exposure

Question 9

Outcome

Answer 9

all possible results that stem from exposure

Question 10

Synergism

Answer 10

combination of exposures exceeds adding up or multiplying separate effect

Question 11

Antagonism

Answer 11

combination of exposures “silences” the seperate effects

Question 12

Induction time

Answer 12

time it takes to complete all sufficient causes of the disease

Question 13

Latency time

Answer 13

time it takes from last sufficient cause to time of diagnosis of disease

Question 14

Background risk

Answer 14

natural occurence of disease in the unexposed population

Question 15

RD

Answer 15

rate difference; extra risk - background risk

Question 16

RR

Answer 16

rate ratio; extra risk / background risk

Question 17

Population strategy

Answer 17

try to shift the whole population distribution

Question 18

High risk strategy

Answer 18

try to move high risk individuals

Question 19

Middle-road strategy

Answer 19

moderate reduction in weight in the top half of the population

Question 20

Prevention paradox

Answer 20

small absolute risk for individuals may have a large impact on population health, and vice versa

Question 21

Independent sample t-test

Answer 21

to compare two different groups

Question 22

Paired sample t-test

Answer 22

test difference within one group before and after intervention

Question 23

One sample t-test

Answer 23

compare one group to a hypothesis or the population average

Question 24

Random sampling error

Answer 24

each sample will include slightly different people and their characteristics will tend to vary from those in other samples, just by change

Question 25

Cross-sectional study

Answer 25

gather data on exposure and disease simultaneously and see if there are associations

Question 26

Cohort study

Answer 26

follow patients for a period of time to see if they develop a disease

Question 27

Covariates

Answer 27

variables that are possibly related with the exposure

Question 28

Record linkage

Answer 28

using external sources of health data to link identities of the individual cohort members to it

Question 29

Interviewer bias

Answer 29

interviewer interprets exposure information differently when disease status of the individual is known

Question 30

Recall bias

Answer 30

people with disease recall their exposures more precisely or differently than people without disease