Lecture 1: Cancer

Question 1

Epidemiology

Answer 1

Measuring health, identifying the cause of ill-health and intervening to improve health.

Question 2

Public health

Answer 2

identifying health problems within a community, identifying the cause of the disease and then test posibble solutions to resolve the problem.

Question 3

Attack rate

Answer 3

amount of people who did something before they got sick

Question 4

Relative risk

Answer 4

a measure of the risk of sickness relative to staying healthy

Question 5

Pre-formal epidemiology

Answer 5

1662-1900; focusses on infectious diseases and nutritional deficiencies

Question 6

Early epidemiology

Answer 6

1900-1940; focusses on chronic diseases, non-communicable diseases and vitamin deficiencies

Question 7

Classical epidemiology

Answer 7

1940-1980; focusses on all diseases

Question 8

Modern epidemiology

Answer 8

> 1980; focusses on all aspects of human health

Question 9

Descriptive epidemiology

Answer 9

studies the amount/frequency of a disease or other conditions in a population

Question 10

Analytical epidemiology

Answer 10

studies the causes of a disease; exposure-disease associations

Question 11

Prevalence

Answer 11

measures the proportion of people in a population who have the disease at a given period of time

Question 12

Point prevalence

Answer 12

people with disease at specific time / #people in the population at specific time

Question 13

Period prevalence

Answer 13

people with disease in specific period / #people in the population in specific period

Question 14

Prevalence proportion

Answer 14

people with a disease at a given point in time / #total people in the population at that time point

Question 15

Incidence

Answer 15

measures how fast people are catching a disease, considers new cases

Question 16

Incidence proportion

Answer 16

people who develop a disease in time period / #people at risk of getting that disease in that time period

Question 17

Incidence rate

Answer 17

people who develop a disease in a time period / #total person-years when people were at risk of getting the disease

Question 18

Cumulative incidence

Answer 18

same as incidence proportion

Question 19

Mortality rate

Answer 19

same as incidence rate

Question 20

Ratio

Answer 20

one number divided by another number

Question 21

Proportion

Answer 21

special ration in which everything in the numerator is also counted in the denominator

Question 22

Rate

Answer 22

contains some measure of time

Question 23

CFR

Answer 23

Case-fatality ratio: proportion of people with a given disease or condition who die from it in a given period

Question 24

Crude rates

Answer 24

describe overall incidence or death rate in a population without taking any other features of the population into account

Question 25

PMR

Answer 25

Proportional mortality ratio: proportion of deaths due to specific cause in group of interest / proportion of deaths due to the same cause in comparison group

Question 26

Survival rate

Answer 26

mortality expressed in terms of the proportion of patients who are still alive a specified number of years after diagnosis

Question 27

Relative survival rate

Answer 27

survival rate adjusted to allow for the fact that some people would have died anyway from other causes

Question 28

Direct standardisation

Answer 28

calculating the overall incidence or mortality rate that you would have expected to find in a standard population if it had the same age-specific rates as your study population

Question 29

SMR

Answer 29

standardised mortality ratio: observed number of deaths / expected number of deaths

Question 30

SIR

Answer 30

standardised incidence ratio: # of new cases in study population / # expected new cases in study population if it had the same incidence rates as standard population

Question 31

Indirect standardisation

Answer 31

calculate the number of cases you would have expected to see in study population if it had the same age-specific rates of disease as standard population

Question 32

CMF

Answer 32

comparative mortality figure: age-adjusted mortality rate study population / age-adjusted mortality rate standard population