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Cardiology > Lecture 4 - Cardiac Cycle and Haemodynamics > Flashcards

Lecture 4 - Cardiac Cycle and Haemodynamics Flashcards

1
Q

What happens when the ECG peaks in the QRS complex ?

A

Action potential spreads upwards through the ventricular muscle

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2
Q

What does T on the ECG signify?

A

The heart returning to a resting state, remaining there until another action potential is generated at the SA node

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3
Q

What happens at P

A

An action potential is generated at the SA node

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4
Q

What happens at after the P wave before Q

A

Action potentials are conducted from the SA node to the atrial muscle

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5
Q

What at the start of the slope before Q

A

Action potentials spread through atria to to the AV node where conduction flows.

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6
Q

What happens at Q

A

Action potentials travel rapidly through the conduction system to the apex of the heart

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7
Q

What is ventricular systole?

A

Contraction and ejection of blood by the ventricles

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8
Q

What is a ventricular diastole?

A

Ventricular relaxation and filling

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9
Q

What does the cardiac cycle consist of?

A

Alternate periods of ventricular systole and diastole

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10
Q

How do atrial activities alternate with ventricular activities?

A

Atrial filling during ventricular systole and Atrial contraction during ventricular filling

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11
Q

When is ventricular filling active and when is it passive

A

Passive during early diastole and active during late diastole

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12
Q

What happens in phase 1 of the cardiac cycle

A

Atrial contraction and ventricular filling

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13
Q

What happens in phase 2 of the cardiac cycle

A

Isovolumetric contraction (systole) and pressure build up in ventricles

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14
Q

What happens in phase 3 of the cardiac cycle?

A

Systolic ejection. When the ventricle contracts and blood is pumped into the aorta and the pulmonary artery.. There is a peak in aortic pressure and LV pressure drops. Ventricular ejection

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15
Q

What happens in stage 4 of the cardiac cycle?

A

Isovolumetric relaxation. Aortic pressure starts to drop slightly.

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16
Q

What kind of energy is required to maintain circulation?

A

Hydraulic energy. It is supplied by the work done by the heart

17
Q

What is cardiac power

A

Rate of work done by the heart

18
Q

What is the power calculated?

A

Pressure x flow rate

19
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

Stroke volume is the amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle in one contraction. 70-90ML

20
Q

What is end diastolic volume?

A

Volume of blood left in each ventricle when it relaxes and fills. Usually around 130 ml.

21
Q

What is end systolic volume

A

Is amount of blood left at the end of contraction. about 50 ml of blood is left in each ventricle at the end of systole.

22
Q

Stroke volume equation

A

EDV - ESV

23
Q

What is the ejection fraction

A

Percentage of end diastolic ventricular volume that is ejected with each stroke - SV/EDV

24
Q

Cardiac output = ?

A

Mean flow output of heart L/min

= Heart rate per minute x stroke volume ml

25
Q

What is cardiac output in a resting supine man and when exercising ?

A

5 L per minute and 20 L/min

26
Q

What is cardiac reserve?

A

During maximal exercise, the cardiac output can be as high as thirty-five liters per minute. This tremendous capacity of the heart to increase its pumping ability is accomplished by increasing the heart rate and stroke volume and is termed the reserve capacity of the heart.

27
Q

cardiac reserve during diastolic ventricular filling

A

during exercise 16 L/min

cardiac reserve - 13 L/min

28
Q

How is cardiac reserve flow diminished b ventricular fibrillation

A

there is no flow as there is no ventricular ejection.

29
Q

What is the primary function of the heart?

A

to convert chemical into hydraulic energy (FFA’s to ATP) in order to maintain a physiological circulation

30
Q

What is blood pressure

A

Force exerted on per unit area of blood mm/Hg

31
Q

Pulmonary artery pressure

A

25/10

32
Q

Left ventricular Systolic and diastolic pressure

A

120mm/hg and 10 mm/hg

pulse pressure 110 mmhg

33
Q

Aortic systolic and diastolic pressure and pulse pressure

A

120 mm/hg, 80 mm/hg and 60 mm/hg

34
Q

During aortic stenosis, what happens to left ventricular and aortic pressures

A

when valve is stenosed, the back flow of blood causes an increase in pressure on the LV which causes and increase in systolic pressure - 170 mm/hg

35
Q

What happens to pressure in severe aortic stenosis?

A

Can exert around 50 mm/hg of extra LV pressure

36
Q

What can aortic stenosis cause

A

Left ventricular hypertrophy - there is a structural response due to high LV pressure

Cardiology (12 decks)

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