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HUBS2503 > Lecture 4 - Body Composition and Health > Flashcards

Lecture 4 - Body Composition and Health Flashcards

1
Q

What is a somatotype?

A

Body type classification

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2
Q

Describe the characteristics of endomorphs in relation to health

A

– Shortest life span
– Prone to CVD and some postural problems

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3
Q

Describe the characteristics of mesomorphs in relation to health

A

– Cope best with physical work
– Have least postural problems

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4
Q

Ectomorphs

A

– Longest living
– Have most postural problems

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5
Q

What is the normal subcutaneous fat stores for male and female

A

M ~12%; F ~15% BW

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6
Q

What percent of BW is essential fat?

A

3% of BW for M & F (4-7%)

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7
Q

What is the additional sex specific fat for females?

A

5-9% sex-specific fat for females

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8
Q

What is a direct way of measuring body composition

A

Direct measurements only from cadavers

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9
Q

What are the ways we can indirectly measure body composition?

A
  • Hydrostatic (underwater) weighing
  • Skinfold thicknesses plus formulas
  • Girth measurements plus formulas
  • Electrical impedance
  • Imaging techniques
  • Air densitometry
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10
Q

Which test is the gold standard of body composition tests?

A

Hydrostatic Weighing

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10
Q

How does hydrostatic weight assess body composition? Describe the expense, reliability, validity and general accuracy

A

Measures body composition based on the effects of body density on weight measured in water. Expensive, reliable, moderately valid and generally accurate

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10
Q

How do imaging techniques assess body composition? Describe the expense, reliability, validity and general accuracy

A

Utilizes ultrasound, X-ray, CT scan, MRI, or DEXA to assess body composition through imaging. Expensive, reliable, valid and generally accurate

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10
Q

How does Air Densitometry (BodPod) assess body composition? Describe the expense, reliability, validity and general accuracy

A

Measures body mass using air displacement. Moderate for: expensive, reliable, valid and accurate

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11
Q

How does Bioelectrical Impedance Methods assess body composition? Describe the expense, reliability, validity and general accuracy

A

Measures resistance to electrical current flow through body tissues. Low for expense and validity, moderate for reliable and accurate

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12
Q

How does skinfold measurements assess body composition? Describe the expense, reliability, validity and general accuracy

A

Measures subcutaneous skinfold thicknesses using calipers. Cheap and moderate for reliability, validity and accuracy.

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13
Q

Regarding bioelectrical impedance methods, how do these methods determine fat and what are these measurements sensitive to?

A

Fat decreases current flow, results are sensitive to hydration status and skin tempreature

14
Q

What are the limitations to using imaging techniques for body composition assessments?

A

Limitation(s):
– Expensive
– Exposure to radiation

15
Q

What is the formula to calculate BMI?

A

BMI = Weight / Height 2 (kg/m2 )

16
Q

How do girth measurements work?

A

Circumference measurements of six body sites obtained, Equations are age & sex specific, reliable but not accurate with many populations. No clear distinction between fat and muscle.

17
Q

What are the 3 components of TDEE?

A

– Sleeping metabolism
– Basal metabolism
– Arousal metabolism

18
Q

How is TDEE determined during studies?

A

Can be determined from studies using doubly-labelled water. Usually expensive and impractical unless undertaking studies
– Isotope based method to estimate total daily energy expenditure

19
Q

How is TDEE normally calculated for general population?

A

– Calculations based on knowledge obtained from measurements of metabolism and physical activity

20
Q

What is basal metabolic rate defined as?

A

Basal metabolic rate is the minimal energy needed to maintain vital functions in the AWAKE state. Basal metabolic rate is measured under very specific standardised conditions

21
Q

What is resting metabolic rate?

A

Resting metabolic rate is the energy required to maintain vital functions PLUS digestion (i.e., BMR plus digestion)

22
Q

What are the conditions to measuring BMR?

A
  • After a 12 hour fast and restful night’s sleep
  • Awake for 30-60 minutes and resting
  • No exercise since waking
  • Environment:
    – Temperature ~ 25o C
    – Barometric Pressure ~ sea level
    – Humidity ~ 50%
23
Q

What is the unit of measurement of BMR when measured at rest?

A

Relative to body surface area (kJ/m2 /h)

24
Q

What is the unit of measurement of BMR when measured during exercise?

A

Relative to body weight (kJ/kg/min)

25
Q

What is obligatory thermogenesis?

A

Energy required to maintain body temperature and for digesting, absorbing and assimilating food

26
Q

What is facultative thermogenesis?

A

– Thermic effects of activating sympathetic nervous system e.g., when cold
– Heat from skeletal muscle activation or brown adipose tissue to maintain body
temperature

27
Q

Which macronutrient has the highest thermogenetic effect?

A

Protein

28
Q

What is 1 MET equal to?

A

1 MET = resting energy expenditure (~ 3.5 mL O2 consumption/kg/min (2.5-4.5)). Equivalent to sitting quitely

29
Q

What factor more do athletes have than normal people in relation to TDEE?

A

Endurance athletes may have TDEE double normal person due to training

30
Q

What are the sustainable MET levels for a) most people, and b) endurance athletes

A
  • Most people can sustain PA levels 5 X RMR (5 METs)
  • Most people should be able to sustain PA levels 10 X RMR
  • Elite endurance athletes able to sustain PA levels 20 X RMR
31
Q

What influences the thermic effect of physical activity?

A
  • Intensity of activity
  • Duration of activity
  • Amount of muscle mass activated
  • Weight-bearing activity
  • Efficiency (economy of movement)

HUBS2503 (17 decks)

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