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HUBS2503 > Lecture 13 - Fatigue, Cramps and Muscle Soreness > Flashcards

Lecture 13 - Fatigue, Cramps and Muscle Soreness Flashcards

1
Q

What is performance (objective) fatigue?

A

Defined as difficulty maintaining force output or muscular control

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1
Q

What is self-reported fatigue?

A

subjective lack of physical or mental energy (or both) that is perceived by the individual to interfere with usual and desired activities

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2
Q

What is fatigue caused by? (peripheral and central)

A

– altered neural activation (central) OR
– altered muscle metabolism (peripheral)

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3
Q

What are the potential locations of source of fatigue

A

– CNS (Brain, spinal cord)
– PNS
– N-M junction
– Muscle fibre (membrane, SR, actin-myosin)

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4
Q

What is the difference in the origin of fatigue between healthy and people w/ disease?

A
  • In healthy humans, fatigue is usually muscular
  • In disease, most fatigue is initially due to neural changes (e.g. MS)
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5
Q

What fatigue is associated with resistance training and why?

A

Acute Neuromuscular Fatigue - Local contractile failure in muscle
* Lack of blood flow
* Lack of oxygen
* Nutrient fatigue or substrate depletion
– Depletion of creatine phosphate
– Depletion of glycogen
* Increased metabolites
* Altered Ca2 + signalling

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6
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle soreness?

A
  • Acute (during activity)
  • Delayed onset (24-72 hours after activity)
  • Sustained (injury-related)
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7
Q

When does acute muscle soreness occur and what is it associated with?

A
  • Occurs during physical activity
  • Not usually associated with tissue damage
  • Associated with production of lactic acid
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8
Q

When does delayed onset muscle soreness occur and what is it associated with?

A
  • Occurs 24-72 hours after unaccustomed physical activity (work, leisure, vacation, sport)
  • Common when start a new exercise program
    Associated with eccentric muscle actions (e.g., walking downhill; unloading)
  • Associated with damage to muscle fibres & inflammation (Mild strain injury)
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9
Q

What are some characteristics of DOMS?

A

Characteristics
* Muscles often swollen and stiff
* Produces some weakness and inaccuracy
of movement until soreness resolves
* Soreness is greatest performing
eccentric tasks (e.g., walking downstairs)
* Usually resolves in 2-3 days

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10
Q

How do you limit DOMS in detrained or old populations?

A
  • Use modest loads, especially eccentrically
  • Especially important with older people
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11
Q

Are eccentric reps recommended at the initiation of an exercise program? Why/Why not?

A

No. DOMS will occur to a greater degree - Limit eccentric reps to allow for adaptation to occur initially

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12
Q

Do anti-inflammatories enhance or inhibit the adaptations caused by the training effect of exercise?

A

Insufficient evidence
– Some evidence that suppressing the inflammatory response compromises the adaptation in young adults
– Some evidence that anti-inflammatories do not inhibit and appear to enhance muscle hypertrophy and strength gains in older adults

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13
Q

What is often the cause of muscle soreness due to strain injury?

A

Often due to over exertion or poor mechanics

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14
Q

What are some sources of skeletal muscle injury?

A

MUSCLES: Damage to muscle fibres
TENDONS: Damage to tendons, bone attachments and myotendinous junction
NERVOUS: Spasm (sustained contraction) due to nerve activation or irritation

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15
Q

What are the steps in muscle regeneration?

A

1) Muscle fibres are damaged
2) Inflammation response
3) Degenerative dismantling of damaged cell
4) Proliferation of satellite cells
5) New myotubes are formed which fill with new myofibrils

16
Q

How long can muscle regeneration take?

A

6 months

17
Q

What is a satellite cell and what does it do in muscle regeneration?

A
  • Type of muscle stem cells that sit between basal lamina and sarcolemma
  • Stimulated and proliferate when cells substantially damaged (i.e., when not in contact with sarcolemma)
18
Q

What is muscle atrophy?

A

Decrease in muscle fibre size (cross-sectional area)

19
Q

What can cause atrophy and which is the more common cause?

A

Loss of mechanical loading (common) and loss of neural innervation

20
Q

What are the effects of bedrest on muscles?

A
  • Greater atrophy in antigravity muscles
  • Greater atrophy in FT fibres
21
Q

What are some examples of disuse models?

A

– Sedentary behaviour (pain states more extreme)
– Immobilisation of body segment(s)
– Bed rest (microgravity)
– Aging
– Denervation

22
Q

What are the causes of muscle cramps?

A

Causes are not yet known

23
Q

What is the best working theory of muscle cramps? How do we infer?

A
  • Triggered by nerve activity
    – No cramp without nerve activity
    – Unclear whether nerve signal originates locally or in CNS
    – Mechanical irritation or ischaemia of small nerve bundles?
24
Q

What effect does water intake have on cramping? What can reverse this effect?

A

Water intake after dehydration makes muscles more susceptible to cramp (dilution of electrolytes)
– consumption of electrolytes reverse that effect

25
Q

Incidences of muscle cramps increase with what?

A
  • Fatigue
  • Dehydration &/or electrolyte imbalance
  • Reduced blood flow
  • Hypothyroidism
  • Pregnancy
26
Q

What position do muscle cramps occur?

A

Only occur with muscle in shortened position

27
Q

What are the 2 treatments of muscle cramps?

A

Acute Treatment
– Stretch muscle (i.e. put in lengthened position)
– Increase blood flow (heat or massage)

28
Q

What is an ETAP?

A

Stitch - Exercise-induced Transient Abdominal Pain (ETAP)

29
Q

What causes an ETAP

A

Characteristics consistent with irritation of parietal peritoneum

30
Q

Why might exercise influence an ETAP?

A

Exercise may alter lymphatic flow influencing peritoneal fluid content

31
Q

How do we prevent stitches from occuring?

A
  • Don’t eat or drink shortly before exercise if prone to ETAP
  • Limit fluid intake volume during exercise
  • Consider tonicity of fluids
32
Q

What is the role of a cool down after exercise?

A
  • Prevent sudden decrease in venous return
  • Provide good blood flow for reduction/removal of muscle metabolites
  • Provide some restoration of muscle energy stores (help promote blood flow to the muscles and enhance delivery and replenish glycogen stores in the muscle)
33
Q

What are the most efficacious strategies for muscle recovery?

A

active recovery, massage, compression, immersion, contrast therapy, cryotherapy

34
Q

Is massage an objectively efficacious strategy for muscle recovery

A

No

HUBS2503 (17 decks)

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