Lecture 4: Anatomy of the respiratory System Flashcards
What is Language?
An arbitrary system which pairs sounds ( Auditory Symbols) and Visual symbols ( words of alphabet letters) to meaning.
{symbolization occurs in the left cerebral hemisphere}
What is speech
Specific sound units of spoken language { Modified, Amplified, Resonated, and Damped} This is the function of the vocal tract
What is Voice
The primary laryngeal sound
Describe the effector energy from the Subglottis’s role in speech
The air from the respiratory system sets the vocal folds into vibration
What are all the functions of the respiratory system
The respiratory system inhales air to replenish body oxygen
The respiratory exhales the air after unloading carbon dioxide off from the body
The exhaust of the respiratory physiology is used for phonation.
What makes up the upper respiratory tract
Mouth
Nose – The nostril is the preferred route as it warms , cleans , and humidifies the air
Sinuses: Air cavities within the facial bone of the skull, continuous with the nasal cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
What makes up the lower respiratory tract
The portion of the Larynx below the vocal folds
The trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli {site of gas exchange with blood}
4 + 5 = Specialized connective tissue of the lung
Right lung 3 lobes
Left lung two lobes ( space for heart)
What are the functions of the ribcage
1- To protect the lung’s delicate tissue from external trauma
2- To allow the muscles of inspiration and expiration to change lung volume and move air in and out of the respiratory system
What are the components of the ribcage
1- Manubrium, Sternum, Xiphoid process {central front}
2- Vertebrae { central back}
3-Clavicle and Scapulae
4- Ribs { sides , front to back}
Explain the ribcage in detail
The manubrium forms the upper part of the front of the rib cage . { also called Manubrium sterni }
Articulates with the Body of the sternum (corpus) , at the manubriosternal joint { creating an elevated ridge on the anterior surface.
Most inferior part of the front of the rib cage is the Xiphoid process . It extends the length for further muscular attachments
The length of the front of the rib cage articulates with the Clavicle bone { collar bone } , and the first 7 thoracic ribs . T1 to T7
Which ribs are true ribs?
Rib pairs 1 to 7 are true ribs , attached directly to the sternum by costal cartilages
Which ribs are false ribs?
Rib pairs 8 to 10 are false, they do not contact the sternum directly, but through the costal cartilage of the 7th rib pair.
Which ribs are floating ribs
11 & 12 pair are floating ribs with no direct or indirect connection to the sternum
What is pressure
Force per unit area
Describe the properties of pressure
The mass of air particles exert a force on the container around them or on all surfaces in contact with them, this force is described as the air pressure and it is equal in all directions
How does pressure relate to the respiratory system
In respiratory science, pressures are designated values relative to the pressure of atmospheric air on surfaces
Positive pressures are higher than atmospheric pressure
Negative pressures are lower than atmospheric pressures
Golden rule of pressure:
Air always flows from higher pressure to lower pressure
Boyle’s Law
states that for a given mass of gas at constant temperature, the volume of the gas varies inversely with pressure
Pleural Sac
Surrounds lung tissue, made of epithelial tissue
Viscera Pleura
The layer touching the lung tissue
Parietal layer
The layer lining up the inner surface of the muscles and ribs forming the rib cage
Mesothelium
The epithelium of the sac is simple squamous also
pleural cavity
The space between the two layers of Visceral Pleura and Parietal Pleura
Descirbe the lungs at rest in a healthy individual
The rib cage is structurally rigid (muscles and bone), it attains a fixed position
With no airflow the pressure of air in the bronchial tree { intra-alveolar pressure} is 0 , as it is now continuous with the atmosphere {atmospheric pressure }
The lung tissue is rich in collagenous and elastic fibers to allow expansion and compression with respiratory movement, { compliance}.
At this instant the lung has a natural passive tendency to collapse on itself, however in healthy individuals this is only a very small inward pull on the visceral pleura relative to the parietal layer
The overall result is a weak negative Intrapleural pressure { intrathoracic pressure} , measuring – 1 mmHg relative to the atmosphere.
