Lecture 2:Intro To Neuro Anatomy Flashcards
What 2 sets of bone make up the skull? (What do they do)
Cranial Bone: Protects the brain
Facial Bone: Protects, supports, and encloses the soft tissue of the orbits, nasal, and oral cavities
List the 8 bones of the Cranium
One Frontal
Two Parietal
One Occipital
Two Temporal
One Ethmoid
One Sphenoid
Why are there holes in our skull?
Need channels for neural and vascular communication and signals to be sent to and from the brain and body.
Foramina
In the base of the skull
Carotid Foramen
For the common carotid artery, providing oxygenated blood
Jugular Foramen
For Jugular vein, drains deoxygenated blood
Occipital Condyle
articulates with the first cervical vertebrae
The ethmoid
1- Vertically contributes to the nasal septum ,
and meningeal attachment
2- Horizontally contributes a cribriform plate of
bone to the roof of the nose
3- Air cells that drain directly into nasal cavity
4- Bony protrusions “ conchae “ that divide the
nasal cavity into compartments
What does the cranial cavity refer to?
The interior of the skull. It protects the Brain, Brain stem, and Cerebellum. (intracranial)
How are the neural signals distributed from the higher levels of the CNS?
the neural fibers carrying the signals exit
the skull through the foramen Magnum through the
Spinal Cord
Where is the spinal cord housed?
the Vertebral canal of the Vertebral Column for protection
Atlanto-occipital joint
The connection between the skull and the vertebral
column
Where is the Atlanto-occipital joint in relation to other structures?
This joint is between the Atlas vertebrae { 1st cervical} and the occipital bone.
The Vertebral Column
Protects the CNS (spinal chord) and allows for movement. Pores in the Column allow for the peripheral nerves to move out from the chord via intervertebral Foramina formed between two adjacent
vertebral processes .
Atlanto-Occipital vs. Synovial
Atlanto-Occipital: Forward and backward movement
Synovial: rotational movement between atlas and 2nd joint or the Atlanto axial Joint
What is a fundamental property of the Nervous System?
For every function, the nervous system has a specifically assigned number of neuronal cells (specialized) at a specific location.
What is a Neuronal Pathway?
A pathway in which a a neuronal signal moves from its origin at one site { sensory/
motor} to the target site.
What are the types of assigned neuronal cells along these pathways?
- Nerve type { Motor , Sensory , Mixed, Special sense e.g. vision}
- Sensation type { Pain , temperature , Touch , sense of movement ,
sense of position, vibration, muscle tone } - Function type { voluntary , involuntary reflexive , involuntary
regulative}
Explain the meaning of this phrase in relation to the nervous system, “we bite apples harder than biting bread”
All the neuronal systems are interconnected and regulate many different functions as well as protect the body. The reason we don’t bite an apple and bread at the same strength is because we would end up hurting our body if we did so.
What is the relationships and mechanism between the upper and lower levels of the CNS?
The upper levels act by activating , inhibiting , and modulating the activity
of the lower levels.
The lower levels transmit input from the upper levels to the periphery and
vice versa. The lower levels can also act Reflexively on their own in some instances.
Nerve Cell key points:
• The junction between two Nerve cells , is called the Synapse
• Nerve cells do not touch at the synapse
• When the electrical impulse arrives at the Synaptic cleft between two neuronal cells , it elicits a
chemical reaction in the cleft which triggers an electrical impulse in the following cell, which then
travels along it’s axon.
The Nervous system is physically classified as :
Central Nervous System, Peripheral Nervous System
Central Nervous system is formed of 2 main parts:
• Intra cranial { housed in the skull bone} :
1- Cerebrum 2- Brain Stem 3- Cerebellum
• Extra cranial
1- Spinal Cord
The peripheral Nervous system consists of:
Spinal Nerves :
• 31 pairs , following vertebral nomenclature , 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5
lumbar, 5 Sacral, and 1 coccygeal.
• Nerve cell body within the Spinal cord
Cranial Nerves :
• 12 pairs
• Nerve Cell body intra-Cranial
What is some of the general anatomy of the Cerebrum
Als o known as the brain, it is made up of lobes that are separated by grooves called fissures.
