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Anatomy Of Speech Mech > Lecture 2:Intro To Neuro Anatomy > Flashcards

Lecture 2:Intro To Neuro Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What 2 sets of bone make up the skull? (What do they do)

A

Cranial Bone: Protects the brain

Facial Bone: Protects, supports, and encloses the soft tissue of the orbits, nasal, and oral cavities

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2
Q

List the 8 bones of the Cranium

A

One Frontal
Two Parietal
One Occipital
Two Temporal
One Ethmoid
One Sphenoid

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3
Q

Why are there holes in our skull?

A

Need channels for neural and vascular communication and signals to be sent to and from the brain and body.

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4
Q

Foramina

A

In the base of the skull

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5
Q

Carotid Foramen

A

For the common carotid artery, providing oxygenated blood

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6
Q

Jugular Foramen

A

For Jugular vein, drains deoxygenated blood

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7
Q

Occipital Condyle

A

articulates with the first cervical vertebrae

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8
Q

The ethmoid

A

1- Vertically contributes to the nasal septum ,
and meningeal attachment
2- Horizontally contributes a cribriform plate of
bone to the roof of the nose
3- Air cells that drain directly into nasal cavity
4- Bony protrusions “ conchae “ that divide the
nasal cavity into compartments

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9
Q

What does the cranial cavity refer to?

A

The interior of the skull. It protects the Brain, Brain stem, and Cerebellum. (intracranial)

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10
Q

How are the neural signals distributed from the higher levels of the CNS?

A

the neural fibers carrying the signals exit
the skull through the foramen Magnum through the
Spinal Cord

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11
Q

Where is the spinal cord housed?

A

the Vertebral canal of the Vertebral Column for protection

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12
Q

Atlanto-occipital joint

A

The connection between the skull and the vertebral
column

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13
Q

Where is the Atlanto-occipital joint in relation to other structures?

A

This joint is between the Atlas vertebrae { 1st cervical} and the occipital bone.

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14
Q

The Vertebral Column

A

Protects the CNS (spinal chord) and allows for movement. Pores in the Column allow for the peripheral nerves to move out from the chord via intervertebral Foramina formed between two adjacent
vertebral processes .

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15
Q

Atlanto-Occipital vs. Synovial

A

Atlanto-Occipital: Forward and backward movement
Synovial: rotational movement between atlas and 2nd joint or the Atlanto axial Joint

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16
Q

What is a fundamental property of the Nervous System?

A

For every function, the nervous system has a specifically assigned number of neuronal cells (specialized) at a specific location.

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17
Q

What is a Neuronal Pathway?

A

A pathway in which a a neuronal signal moves from its origin at one site { sensory/
motor} to the target site.

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18
Q

What are the types of assigned neuronal cells along these pathways?

A
  1. Nerve type { Motor , Sensory , Mixed, Special sense e.g. vision}
  2. Sensation type { Pain , temperature , Touch , sense of movement ,
    sense of position, vibration, muscle tone }
  3. Function type { voluntary , involuntary reflexive , involuntary
    regulative}
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19
Q

Explain the meaning of this phrase in relation to the nervous system, “we bite apples harder than biting bread”

A

All the neuronal systems are interconnected and regulate many different functions as well as protect the body. The reason we don’t bite an apple and bread at the same strength is because we would end up hurting our body if we did so.

20
Q

What is the relationships and mechanism between the upper and lower levels of the CNS?

A

The upper levels act by activating , inhibiting , and modulating the activity
of the lower levels.

The lower levels transmit input from the upper levels to the periphery and
vice versa. The lower levels can also act Reflexively on their own in some instances.

21
Q

Nerve Cell key points:

A

• The junction between two Nerve cells , is called the Synapse

• Nerve cells do not touch at the synapse

• When the electrical impulse arrives at the Synaptic cleft between two neuronal cells , it elicits a
chemical reaction in the cleft which triggers an electrical impulse in the following cell, which then
travels along it’s axon.

22
Q

The Nervous system is physically classified as :

A

Central Nervous System, Peripheral Nervous System

Central Nervous system is formed of 2 main parts:

• Intra cranial { housed in the skull bone} :
1- Cerebrum 2- Brain Stem 3- Cerebellum

• Extra cranial
1- Spinal Cord

23
Q

The peripheral Nervous system consists of:

A

Spinal Nerves :
• 31 pairs , following vertebral nomenclature , 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5
lumbar, 5 Sacral, and 1 coccygeal.
• Nerve cell body within the Spinal cord

Cranial Nerves :
• 12 pairs
• Nerve Cell body intra-Cranial

24
Q

What is some of the general anatomy of the Cerebrum

A

Als o known as the brain, it is made up of lobes that are separated by grooves called fissures.

25
Q

What are Fissures? What do they do?

A

They are grooves in the brain that separate the lobes and contain the blood vessels of the brain. this is the location of strokes and usually the area injured that leads to malfunctions in dependent areas.

26
Q

What is the general structure of the Cerebrum?

A

It is formed by 2 Cerebral hemispheres which are connected to e/o and to the lower levels of the nervous system. Each hemisphere exhibits motor control over and receives sensory
information from the opposite half of the body and one hemisphere is functionally dominant.

27
Q

How is the surface of each hemisphere divided?:

A

4 lobes separated by sulci (fissures ) :

1- Frontal 2- Parietal 3- Temporal 4- Occipital

28
Q

What are Gyri?

A

They are the ridges of the brain surface.

29
Q

What makes up each lobe of the brain?

A

• Outer Grey matter { nerve cells } , every area has groups of cells with
specialized functions
{e.g. . Motor area initiates voluntary motor activity}
• Inner white matter, Nerve fibers conducting impulses to and from the cells

30
Q

What does Broca’s Area do?

A

Converts thoughts of words into a program of muscle
movements either for speech or writing . { Only in dominant
hemisphere}

31
Q

What does Wernicke’s area do?

A

Processes speech input and reading into meaningful
ideas, i.e. words are picked to convey ideas { Only in dominant
hemisphere

32
Q

What is the function of the Primary Auditory cortex?

A

receives the Auditory information

33
Q

What is the function of the Auditory Association area?

A

Functions to process Auditory information

34
Q

What is the function of the Pre frontal Cortex/Anterior part of the Frontal Lobe?

A

Decision making based on personality , experience , and rules of society

35
Q

What is the function of the Motor association area?

A

Pre-plans muscle contractions

36
Q

What is the function of the Primary motor Area?

A

generates the neural impulses that executes the
movement

37
Q

What is the function of the Somesthetic association area?

A

Interprets the sensory information received

38
Q

What is the function of the Visual Cortex

A

Receiving visual information

39
Q

What is the function of the Visual association area

A

Visual recognition and understanding

40
Q

What is the function of the Orbitofrontal Cortex?

A

Combines olfactory, gustatory , and visual information to form an opinion about food desirability

41
Q

At the base of every cerebral Hemisphere the following structures are present:

A

• The Corpus callosum , which connects both hemispheres with each
other

• Structures of the limbic System related to emotions, memory and
olfaction

• Structures of the Basal Ganglia contributing to motor control and
Procedural learning

42
Q

Where and what is the Insula/Limbic Lobe?

A

Located in the inner section of brain it is important for Speech Motor Control, Speech perception ;Speech functions integrated in Dominant Hemisphere

43
Q

What is Homeostasis?

A

tendency of an organism to Autoregulate the internal environment to preserve a stable Chemical state { when oxygen level in blood drops we breath deeper to maintain the oxygen level}

44
Q

What parts make up the brain stem?

A

1- Midbrain 2- Pons 3-Medulla

45
Q

What is the composition of the Brain stem?

A

The Brain stem has the neuron cell origins of the Cranial Nerves and
the tracts of nerve fibers connecting the higher cerebrum and the
lower levels of the nervous system.

46
Q

What are some of the functions of the Brain stem?

A

regulating complex motor physiological activities such as respiration , heart rate ,and swallowing

47
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

it is responsible for coordinating complex voluntary
motor activity and maintaining equilibrium

Anatomy Of Speech Mech (4 decks)

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