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Prevention of Mental Health Problems > Lecture 4: An environmental perspective > Flashcards

Lecture 4: An environmental perspective Flashcards

1
Q

Provide some examples of general environmental influences on health

A
  • Sidewalks and bike paths
  • Transit networks
  • Green spaces and playgrounds
  • Pollution
  • Health services (availability)
  • Buildings and other infrastucture
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2
Q

Provide some examples of macro, micro and meso levels

A

Macro:
- Country level
- City level

Meso:
- Community
- School
- Work
- Home

Miso:
- Individual

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3
Q

Layers of the Model of health determinants (Dalhgren & Whitehead)

A
  1. General socio-economic, cultural and environmental conditions
  2. Living and working conditions
  3. Social community networks
  4. Individual lifestyle factors
  5. Age, sex, genes, etc.
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4
Q

City versus rural living?

A

With respect to anxiety disorders, rural living is better for mental health as compared to urban

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5
Q

What are urban risk attributes?

4 items

A
  • Selective migration
  • Social stress
  • Environmental pullution
  • Lack of natural space and abundance of environmental stressors
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6
Q

What are environmental stressors in the residential context?

5 items

A
  • Crowding
  • Noise
  • Traffic
  • Housing quality
  • Deprivation

Deprivation = also absence of health care/ activities/ other services

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7
Q

Environmental injustice?

A

Population at risk for poverty had higher reportings on noise from neighbours, as compared to the total population

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8
Q

What are environmental stressors in the meso environment?

5 items

A
  • Sunlight
  • Sound
  • Color
  • Smell
  • Temperature
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9
Q

Explain the Arousal theory

And what are increasing and decreasing properties?

A

The environment can provide psychological stimulation

  • People have a preference for stimuli which help to maintain an optimal level of arousal

Too litte arousal = boredom, apathy
Too much arousal = high anxiety

Increasing properties:
- Complexity
- Novelty
- Ambiguity

Decreasing properties:
- Familiarity
- Patterning

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10
Q

Explain the Environmental load/ Overstimulation theory

A

People only have a limited capacity to process incomming stimuli

Too much stimuli can lead to sensory overload:
- Frustration
- Reduced: tolerance, attention, capacity to adaptive reaction (aanpassingsvermogen)

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11
Q

Explain the Adaptation level theory

A

Stimulus are jugded based on past experiences and recollections

Discrepancy/ deviation from adaptation level can lead to a positive affect or negative affect

Types of stimulants:
- Sensory
- Social
- Movement

Dimensions of stimulants:
- Intensity
- Diversity
- Patterning

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12
Q

What is meant by behavior contraint/ stress and control?

A

Feeling powerless of feeling in control of the stimuli can decrease or improve well-being

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13
Q

What can prevention be aimed at?

A

1. Facilitation
- Providing people the resources or improving accessibility to these resources that may promote their mental health

2. Behavior change
- Providing people skills to change own behavior to use the available resources

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14
Q

What are challenges in promoting mental health from an environmental perspective?

6 items

A

1. Complexity
- Envrionment is not only/ main predictive factor

2. Low uptake

3. Cost

4. high NNT (in research)

5. Time (in research)
- It takes a long time for people to develop a mental health disorder

6. Difficult to execute
- Particularly blinded, controlled clinical trials

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15
Q

What are examples of (Universal?) prevention programs?

A

Suicide prevention in the NL:
- Preventive measures by ProRail and NS (guarding tracks, approaching people, collaboration)

The district approach 2008 - 2012 (NL):
- Set up to improve 10 neighborhoods
- Interventions targeted on: unemployment, educational level, housing conditions, safety, social cohesion
- They made improvements in foot and cycle paths, parks, gardens and green area’s, housing

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16
Q

What is an example of and selective prevention strategy?

A

Office space with biophilic design:
- Effect on (job) stress

17
Q

What is an example of a indicated prevention strategy?

A

Psychiatric ward design:
- Stress reducing design features
- Reduced the number of patients receiving injections and physical restraints

18
Q

What was found in the study on residental green spaces and GP visits?

A

Less visits to the GP for:
- Depression in children
- Migraine
- Depression
- Astma
- Diabetes

19
Q

What is the Biophilia Hypothesis?

A

“People have a innate tendency to connect with nature and other life forms”

Bio = nature
Philos = love

20
Q

Name the most influencial (nature) restoration theories

A
  • Stress reduction theory
  • Attention restoration theory
21
Q

Define a restorative environment

A

A restorative environment = An environment that supports restoration from stress and mental fatigue

22
Q

Explain the Stress reduction theory

A

Non-harmful and survival promoting natural environments evoke an initial positive affective response (e.g. preference, interest, like).

This blocks negative thoughts and feelings and fosters reduction of psychological activation and henceforth stress

= Less negative thinking and stress, more positive mental state

23
Q

Explain the Attention restoration theory

A

Nature engages attention in an effortless manner, allowing direct attention resources to rest restore

Direct attention:
- Effortfull attention
- Needed to focus and concentrate
- Becomes fatigued with prolonged use (leads to difficulty concentrating, less productivity)

Indirect attention:
- Involuntairy effortless attention

24
Q

How do green spaces have an effect on health and well-being?

A

Reducing harm:
- reducing exposures to environmental stressors (noise, air pollution, heat)

Restoring capacities:
- Attention restoration and psychological stress recovery

Building capacities:
- Encouraging physical activity and facilitating social cohesion

25
Q

What is the effect of greenspaces on health and well-being?

4 items

A
  • Improved self-perceived health
  • Higher birth weight
  • Lower BMI
  • Lower risk of depression, cardiovascular disease and all cause mortality
26
Q

Provide an example of a program that used nature and green space to prevent mental health problems?

A

The Woods In and Around Towns (WIAT)
- Aimed to improve local woods (paths/ events)
- Was inexpensive
- Quality of woods improves and more awareness
- People found it restorative, but mental health did not improve
- Other interventions are also needed!

27
Q

Other examples? (nature prevention)

A
  • Urban blue space regeneration (improved self-reported well-being)
  • Environmental intervention in nature deprived place (positive effects on self-reported inmate emotional resopse)
  • Walking in nature for individuals with Major depressive disorder

Prevention of Mental Health Problems (8 decks)

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