Lecture 4 - Abnormalities of Leukocytes

Question 1

Tests for leukocytes

Answer 1

blood smear and differential cell count
bone marrow biopsy
lymph node biopsy

Question 2

What causes infectious mononucleosis?

Answer 2

Epstein-Barr virus

Question 3

What are clinical manifestations of infectious mononucleosis?

Answer 3

lymph nodes enlarged
sore throat
mild fever
fatigue, malaise, headache
trunk rash
inc # lymphocytes with 10-20% abnormal cell shapes

Question 4

Treatment of infectious mononucleosis?

Answer 4

Bed rest, analgesics, anti-inflam

Question 5

Lymphadenopathy

Answer 5

enlarged or swollen node

caused by infection near or in lymph node

Question 6

symptoms of leukemia

Answer 6

fatigue
bleeding
fever as night sweats
weight loss
infections
large # of blood cells (WBCs)

Question 7

How to test for leukemia

Answer 7

blood smear

bone marrow biopsy

Question 8

Sign of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)

Answer 8

inc # of precursor cells for monocytes, basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, megakaryocytes, and erythrocytes

Question 9

sign of acute lumphoblastic leukemia (ALL)

Answer 9

inc # of precursor cells for lymphocytes

Question 10

Treatment of Acute Leukemias

Answer 10

chemo
rad
bone marrow transplant
(cure rate is very high because cells are very different from normal)  
60-90% cure rate

Question 11

What does chronic leukemia do?

Answer 11

Causes alterations in leukocytes late in the differentiation process

Individual dies slowly of infection or hemorrhage

Question 12

What is characterized by a marked shortening of chromosome 22?

Answer 12

Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)

Question 13

Signs of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)

Answer 13

shortened chome 22
inc # of myelogenous line precursors
(large number of mature neutrophils, myelocytes, promyelocytes, etc.)

Question 14

signs of chronic lymphoblastic leukemia (CLL)

Answer 14

inc # lymphocyte precursors (mature and with large nuclei)

Question 15

treatment of chronic leukemia

Answer 15

chemo
rad
bone marrow transplant
(difficult to treat because malignant cells are so similar to normal cells) 
20% cure rate

Question 16

What is multiple myeloma?

Answer 16

neoplasm of B cells to bone of all but appendages

Question 17

Clinical manifestations of Multiple Myeloma

Answer 17

bones that break easily
areas of destruction of bone
high amount immunoglobulins in blood
kidney failure (from IgG blocking glomeruli)

Question 18

Treatment for Multiple Myeloma

Answer 18

chemo
rad
generally fatal

Question 19

clinical manifestations of malignant lymphomas

Answer 19

swelling of nodes
mild fever (often night sweats)
weakness
sudden weight loss
anemia

Question 20

What’s the difference b/t Hodgkin’s and Non-H lymphoma?

Answer 20

Hodgkin’s has presence of polyploid cells (Reed-Sternberg cells) that produce T-Cell inhibitors
Cure rate 75% if early

Non does not. But has decreased B-cell and macrophage activity
cure rate 30%
however, may live 15 yrs no treatment

Question 21

treatment of lymphomas

Answer 21

remove malignant tissues and nodes
chemo
rad

cure rate