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Pathophysiology 365 > Lecture 2 - Altered Cell Biology > Flashcards

Lecture 2 - Altered Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What is neoplasia?

A

The formation or presence of a new, abnormal growth or tissue

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2
Q

What are some normal cell adaptations?

A

callouses, tanning, uterine/mammary gland changes, larger adrenal gland during stress

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3
Q

What are some abnormal cell adaptations?

A

cell death by burn
mole
wart
cancer

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4
Q

Definitions

Atrophy
Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia

A

normal cell changes

smaller cells
larger cells
more cells

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5
Q

Definitions

Metaplasia
Dysplasia

A

abnormal cell changes

replacement of one cell type with another cell type
loss of normal organization of cells. often pre-cancer condition

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6
Q

Factors that can determine extent of cell damage

A 
genetics
age
gender
race 
nutrition
others
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7
Q

Lack of oxygen to tissues

A

hypoxia

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8
Q

hypoxia is caused by…

A

decreased blood flow
blockage of vessels
heart failure
hypoxemia (low oxygen in blood)

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9
Q

hypoxia causes…

A

switch from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism
high lactic acid
low ATP
decreased adenosine inside cells

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10
Q

lack of ATP in cells causes…

A 
decreased activity of ion pumps
cell swelling (osmosis due to ions)
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11
Q

What is the tissue damage associated with hypoxia?

A

ischemia

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12
Q

Full manifestation of what takes 24-48 hours

A

ischemia

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13
Q

Why is rapid restoration of blood flow bad?

A

it results in excess oxygen delivery to the tissue, which generates ROS (reactive oxygen species) that cause oxidation of lipids and proteins

Called reperfusion injury

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14
Q

What does alcohol target to damage?

A

liver and brain

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15
Q

what do barbiturates target to damage?

A

brain and kidney

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16
Q

what does lead target to damage?

A

brain and RBC’s

17
Q

where do endotoxins come from?

A

Also called lipopolysaccharides (LPS), are part of outer coat of GRAM-NEGATIVE bacteria

they are non-specific (affect many tissues)

18
Q

what do endotoxins do?

A

increase release of cytokines

19
Q

what do cytokines do?

A

stimulate immune/inflammation
increase body temp
malaise
vaso-dilation

20
Q

where do exotoxins come from?

A

gram-positive bacteria

they are very specific - only affect single pathway or specific tissue

21
Q

What is bacteremia and what does it do?

A

growth of bacteria in the blood

destroys blood cells
causes large inc of cytokines
can cause rapid death

22
Q

DNA viruses

A

inject DNA
use cell to make mRNA, then viral proteins
cellular components are transformed into things to make new viruses

23
Q

RNA viruses

A

inject RNA
RNA is reverse transcribed into viral DNA
DNA transcribed into viral mRNA then proteins
eventually utilized to make new viruses

24
Q

What are good targets for radiation?

A

large molecules (especially DNA)

25
Q

What are some rapidly growing cells in the body?

A 
cells of:
gastrointestinal
fetus 
bone marrow
lymph node
skin
hair
26
Q

What will mild cold cause? (temp)

A

decreased ATP

therefore, effects of hypoxia

27
Q

What will severe cold cause? (temp)

A

ice crystals which puncture and destroy cell membranes

28
Q

What is hemosiderin?

A

a storage form of iron

29
Q

What causes gangrene?

A

lack of oxygen

30
Q

How is gangrene manifest?

A

dry: when oxygen cut off slowly. dry. little inflammation
wet: found in areas of high blood flow. when oxygen supply cut off quickly. red and inflamed
gas: infection in area of wet gangrene. smells terrible. gas pockets. large cytokines, death rapid

31
Q

What causes gas gangrene?

A

Clostridium infection of dead tissues in are of wet gangrene

32
Q

How to treat gangrene?

A

keep sterile
remove dead tissue
antibiotics
hyperbaric chamber (high oxygen)

Pathophysiology 365 (5 decks)

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