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Psychopharmacology > Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Neurohormones

A

blood transport

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2
Q

Neuromodulators

A

a chemical messenger that communicates with target cells more distant than the synapse by diffusing away from the point of release.

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3
Q

What is required for a chemical to be a neurotransmitter?

A

Specific synthetic machinery.

Packaged into vesicles.

Release is coupled to excitation in the presynaptic nerve terminal.

Specific and selective post-synaptic receptors.

Mechanism for inactivation.

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4
Q

Classical neurotransmitter

A
  • Monoamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin).
  • Acetylcholine
  • Amino acids.
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5
Q

Non-Classical

A
  • Neuropeptides
  • Lipids
  • Gases
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6
Q

Catecholamines

A

Include: dopamine & norepinephrine, epinephrine.

Structure & synthesis.
Storage.
Release.
Inactivation.

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7
Q

How are catecholamines synthesized?

A

tyrosine → dopa → dopamine → norepinephrine → epinephrine.

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8
Q

What is the enzyme needed to catalyze tyrosine to DOPA?

A

Tyrosine hydroxylase

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9
Q

What is the enzyme needed to catalyze DOPA to Dopamine

A

AADC

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10
Q

What is the enzyme needed to catalyze Dopamine to Norepinephrine?

A

DBH.

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11
Q

Tyrosine hydroxylase

A
  • Rate-limiting enzyme.
  • Neural stimulation regulates production.
  • Phosphorylation activates.
  • Trans-synaptic induction.
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12
Q

L-DOPA

A
  • If you wanted to produce more dopamine in the brain you could skip a step by just pricing brain to dopa.
  • L-DOPA can get through BBB.
  • A common medication for parkinson’s disease.
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13
Q

Vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT2)

A

transport monoamine into vesicles.

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14
Q

Reserpine

A

drug that blocks vesicular transport meaning that DA and NE are no longer protected from breakdown within the nerve terminal.

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15
Q

alpha-2 autoreceptor

A
  • are receptive to norepinephrine
  • are pre-synaptic
  • hyperpolarize post-synaptic membranes
  • function similarly to dopamine D2 receptors.
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16
Q

Amptheamitimes

A

fools transporter into getting in and spits dopamine out, once it gets in it stimulates vesicular release and make more dopamine release.

17
Q

MAO

A
  • breaks down monoamines.

- active in synapse (and beyond) vs within cell.

18
Q

COMT

A
  • metabolism

- non-neuronal

19
Q

D1 receptor

A
  • Metabotropic

- Family → D1 & D5.

20
Q

D2 receptor

A
  • metabotropic
  • Family → D2, 3, & 4.
  • Gates K+ channels.
21
Q

Tonic DA

A
  • Dopamine is released in tonic fashion, some continuous/slow and sustained release that helping to keep systems active.
  • Modulatory role (sets a tone, focus attention).
22
Q

Phasic DA

A
  • Comes in phases, bigger sudden release when something important/attention grabbing happens.
  • Reactive (alerts to potentially salient info)
23
Q

DA on Cognition & Behaviour

A
  • Motor activity.
  • Internal anticipatory reward signal.
  • Higher level cognition (attention & working memory.
24
Q

Adrenergic Receptors

A

are metabotropic

25
Q

Alpha 1

A

Activates G proteins, stimulates them to activate Ca++ and protein kinase C.

26
Q

Beta 1 & 2

A

Stimulate adenylyl cyclase.

27
Q

B, A1 & A2 on Cognition & Behaviour

A

Feeding behaviour:
A2 in hypothalamus.
When they get stimulated during day you get hungry, when stimulated in night time setting they make you not hungry.

PNS anti-hypertension: used to decrease hypertension, also given to activate norepinephrine receptors, which will decrease sympathetic nervous system activity and decrease blood pressure.

Anti-anxiety: shutdown parasympathetic system by lessening physiological stress over-activation.

Memory:
Norepinephrine gets activated when we see emotional events, direct associate with parts of the hippocampus that help us remember emotional events.

28
Q

How do you inhibit a neuron?

A

make its charge more negative

Psychopharmacology (5 decks)

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