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Psychopharmacology > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Nervous System Organization

A

Central nervous system: Brain and spinal cord.

Peripheral nervous system: Body.

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2
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Somatic: controls voluntary muscles with spinal nerves and cranial nerves.

Automatic: consists of autonomic nerves and some cranial nerves that control the function of organs and glands.

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3
Q

Divisions of ANS

A

Sympathetic: fight or flight system.

Parasympathetic: predominates at times when the energy reserves can be conserved and stored for later use.

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4
Q

Cerebral Spinal Fluid

A
  • surrounds the brain and spinal cord.
  • protects the brain.
  • helps in the exchange of nutrients and waste products between the brain and blood.
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5
Q

CNS has SIX distinct regions

A
  1. ) Spinal Cord
  2. ) Myencephalon (medulla)
  3. ) Metencephalon (hindbrain)
  4. ) Mesencephalon
  5. ) Diencephalon (forebrain)
  6. ) Telencephalon (forebrain)
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6
Q

Myencephalon (medulla)

A
  • origin of reticular formation.

- multiple cell groups regulating vital functions.

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7
Q

Metencephalon (hindbrain)

A
  • cerebellum & pons.

- plays a role in attention, arousal, sleep, muscle tone.

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8
Q

Mesencephalon

A
  • important for pain modulation.

- critical in initiation and modulation of movement.

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9
Q

Diencephalon (forebrain)

A
  • thalamus & hypothalamus.

- process and then distribute sensory and motor information.

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10
Q

Telencephalon (forebrain)

A
  • the cerebral hemisphere and the largest region of the brain, and include the external cerebral cortex.
  • emotional responses, regulates motivated behavior & learning.
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11
Q

Micro-Neuroanatomy

A
  • There are 85 to 100 billion neurons in the brain.
  • Neurons make 100 trillion synapses.
  • 1 trillion glial cells.
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12
Q

Neuron

A

Specialized nerve cells that form the brain, spinal cord, and nerves that transmit electrical signals throughout the body.

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13
Q

Four Principle Types of Glial cells

A
  1. ) Oligodendroglia
  2. ) Microglia
  3. ) Astrocytes
  4. ) Schwann cells
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14
Q

Oligodendroglia

A
  • form myelin sheath on multiple axons in the CNS.

- provides energy efficient and fast neural conduction.

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15
Q

Microglia

A

provide immune function.

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16
Q

Astrocytes

A
  • provide structural support (biggest).
  • maintain ionic and chemical environment.
  • store nutrients to provide energy for neurons.
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17
Q

Schwann cells

A

supporting cells of the peripheral nervous system responsible for the formation/reformation of myelin.

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18
Q

Electric Transmission

A

transmission of information within a single neuron is an electrical process and depends on the semipermeable nature of the cell membrane.

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19
Q

Polarized

A

means that there is an electrical difference across the cell membrane.

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20
Q

Two Main Ions

A

Sodium (NA = not allowed)

Potassium (K = keep)

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21
Q

Resting Membrane Potential

A
  • when a neuron is at rest, the inside of the neuron is negative (has more negatively charged ions) relative to the outside of the cell.
  • 70mV.
22
Q

Gated Ion Channels

A

Most channels are not normally open to allow free passage of ions, but are in a closed configuration that can be opened momentarily by specific stimuli.

23
Q

Ligand-gated channels

A
  • bind neurotransmitters and open in response to ligand binding.
  • ion moves from high to low concentration.
24
Q

Voltage-gated channels

A

opened by the application of a small electrical charge to the membrane surrounding the channel.

25
Q

Local Potentials

A

small, local changes in ion distribution and electrical potential differences.

26
Q

Depolarization

A
  • positively charged ions make the inside of the call slightly more positive in a small, localized area of the membrane, bringing the membrane potential a tiny bit closer to the threshold for firing.
  • small amounts of Na+ enter cell.
27
Q

Hyperpolarization

A
  • increase in the negatively charged ion makes the call slightly more negative inside and brings the resting potential farther away from threshold.
  • small amounts of Cl- enter or K+ exit cell.
28
Q

Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPS)

A
  • makes the postsynaptic neuron more likely to fire an action potential.
  • depolarization.
29
Q

Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs)

A
  • makes a postsynaptic neuron less likely to generate an action potential.
  • hyperpolarization.
30
Q

Action Potential

A
  • the rapid change in membrane potential that is propagated down the length of the axon.
  • the membrane potential must be changed from resting (-70mV) to the threshold for firing (-50mV).
31
Q

Axon Hillock

A

the portion of the axon that is adjacent to the cell body where electrical signal is generated.

32
Q

Five Stages of Action Potential

A
  1. ) Resting State: Na+ and K+ channels are closed.
  2. ) Depolarization: A stimulus opens some Na+ channels.
  3. ) Depolarization opens most sodium channels, while potassium remains closed.
  4. ) Falling phase: most Na+ channels become inactivated, blocking Na+ inflow. K+ channels open, making K+ outflow.
  5. ) Undershoot: Na+ channels close, but some K+ channels are still open. As the K+ channels close and Na+ become unblocked, the membrane returns to resting state.
33
Q

Saltatory Conduction

A

The process by which if insulating myelin is present on an axon then the nerve impulses that is conducted will “jump” from gap to gap in the myelin layer.

34
Q

Node of Ranvier

A

A small gap between myelinated segments where axonal membrane is exposed; increases speed of impulses.

35
Q

Axodendritic transmission

A
  • axon to dendrite and spines.

- most common.

36
Q

Axosomatic transmission

A

axon to cell body.

37
Q

Axoaxonic transmission

A

axon to axon.

38
Q

Synaptic Cleft

A

The gaps between neurons, where chemical signals are transmitted.

39
Q

Synapse

A

a structure that permits a neuron to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another neuron.

40
Q

Presynaptic Neuron

A

release zone, where terminals are.

41
Q

Postsynaptic Neuron

A

the neuron on the receiving end of the synapse, where the dendrites are.

42
Q

Synaptic Factors

A

Action potential

Probability of release

Heteroreceptors: receptors for other transmitters released at axoaxonic synapses.

Autoreceptors: receptors for the same transmitter released by the neuron.

43
Q

Terminal autoreceptors

A

located on axon terminals, and when activated by neurotransmitter, their main function is to inhibit further transmitter release.

44
Q

Somatodendritic autoreceptors

A

found on the cell body or dendrites.

when these autoreceptors are activated, they slow the rate of cell firing.

45
Q

Ionotropic receptors

A

Ligand-gated ion channel.

Fast response.

46
Q

Metabolic receptors

A

Activate other proteins called G proteins.

Slow.

47
Q

Second Messengers

A
  • Activate protein kinases (enzymes that phosphorylate proteins).
  • Given numerous roles of proteins (receptors, enzymes, channels, etc) can lead to several downstream effects.
48
Q

Tyrosine Kinase Receptors

A

Enzymes that phosphorylate proteins.

49
Q

How might drugs affect neurotransmitters?

A
  • A drug can block the reuptake transporter, so the neurotransmitter will stay inside.

Ex: SSRI’s it blocks the reuptake of serotonin.

50
Q

Nitric Oxide

A

a gas that performs a type of signaling between neurons.

51
Q

Endocrine System

A
  • a collection of glands and groups of cells that secrete hormones that regulate growth,development, and homeostasis.
  • drugs can alter the secretion of many hormones, causing physiological abnormalities.

Psychopharmacology (5 decks)

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