Lecture 4-5 (Social Interaction & Group dynamics + The Organizational Context) Flashcards
Who are the authors of Attribution theory?
Jones & Nesbett
What is Attribution theory?
Internal (personal) vs. external (situation, environment) attribution:
Fundamental attribution error; whereby individuals generally tend to explain the behaviour of others in terms of internal factors to a greater extent than external factors. For example, when analysing another’s behaviour, the tendency is to underestimate the impact of situational, external factors and overestimate the effect of personal, internal factors
Who’s the author of “On stage”
Goffman
Give example of authors who see “Person Perceptions” as theory driven
Goffman, Katz and Brady,
Who sees “Interaction as a Social Exchange”?
And what is meant by that?
1) Homans
2) People choose to interact becuse they expect it to be profitable (psycologically: reward>cost)
If so then:
- Give rewards (smile, compliment)
- Accomodate (adapt behavior, adjust attitude)
Name some influences on Group Development
- Shared identity
- Initiation
- Inter-group competition
- External threat & anxiety
- Similarity of members
- Team roles
- Group size
- Succes
What is the equation for numbers og interactions to move a piece of information, based on group size?
THIS CANNOT BE THE RIGHT EQUATION, EVEN THOUGH IT IS THE ONE FROM THE SLIDES
n/2(n-1)
THIS CANNOT BE THE RIGHT EQUATION, EVEN THOUGH IT IS THE ONE FROM THE SLIDES
What is group norms?
- Norms are unwritten, informal rules of behaviour that makes life more predictable for members
- Their nature is influenced by what has worked in the past, been a succes or found rewarding.
Who’s the author of “Groupthink”
Irvin Janis
What is Groupthink?
What is power?
It is the ability to get someone to do something that they would otherwise not have done
What are the sources of power?
Mention some
Who are the authors?
French & Raven
See picture, but key could be:
- Rewarded power
- Legitimate authority
- Expertise
- Personal bases
Who conducted the study with electic shocks and what did it measure?
1) Milgram
2) Effect of authority (power)
What are some Determinants of Obedience?
- Socialisation
- Perception of authority
- Overarching ideology
- Incremental sequence
- Obligation
What is the state of the obedience?
- Meaning: How do e.g. the “teacher” react in Milgram
- Attend to authority figure (not the learner)
- Loss of responsibility (if it were up to me, I would not do this)
- Considerable strain resolved by: 1) denigration 2) denial 3) justification 4) dissent
Mention some strategies to gain power
Mention the 7’s
Structure, Systems, Style, Staff, Skills, Strategy and Shared values
Who are the authors of the formal and informal model of organisations?
Williams, Woodward & Dobson 2002
What is part of the informal model of the organisation compared to the formal?
“The way we think around here”
“The way we do things around here”
“The way we feel around here”
Who said “differentiation requires mechanism for integration”?
And what is their organisational model?
1) Lawrence & Lorsch
2) 4 different types for groupings:
- Acitivity grouping
- Output grouping
- User/customer grouping
- Multifocused grouping (any combination)
What should follow eachother according to Alfred Chandler?
Hint: 2 of the 7’s
Structure should follow strategy
Which of these structural dimensions fit the strategy, according to Alfred Chandler?
Strategic:
1) Market differentiation
Structural characteristics:
a) High formalisation, high centralisation, high standardisation, low complexity
b) Moderate to high complexity, moderate to high formalisation, moderate centralisation
c) Low formalisation, decentralisation and flat hierarchy
b (moderate formalisation)
Which of these structural dimensions fit the strategy, according to Alfred Chandler?
Strategic:
1) Cost control
Structural characteristics:
a) High formalisation, high centralisation, high standardisation, low complexity
b) Moderate to high complexity, moderate to high
c) Low formalisation, decentralisation and flat hierarchy
a) High formalisation
Which of these structural dimensions fit the strategy, according to Alfred Chandler?
Strategic:
1) Innovation
Structural characteristics:
a) High formalisation, high centralisation, high standardisation, low complexity
b) Moderate to high complexity, moderate to high
c) Low formalisation, decentralisation and flat hierarchy
c) Low formalisation
Who are the authors behind describing the differences between mechanistic and organic organizational structures?
Burns and Stalker
How and especially why do mechanistic and organic organizational structures differ?
Companies facing a dynamic and uncertain environment may have to develop or maintain an organic organizational structure, whereas companies operating in a stable environment may benefit from developing or maintaining a mechanistic organizational structure
Who defines culture as the social or normative glue that holds an organisation togehter?
Deal & Kennedy
Who states that organisation culture is both an output and input?
Kroeber & Kluckhohn
What is the idea with the Organisational Iceberg?
And who us the author?
1) To show that many part of the organisation is hidden “beneath the water”. Over the surface you find behaviour and myth, beneath values and beliefs.
2) Handy
Where do Handy “belong”?
a) Individual differences
b) Organisational culture
c) Social interaction
b
Who sees “Culture as the product of Group Experience”?
Schein
Schein operates with an interplay between three levels, what are they?
Behaviour –> Values <– Basic Assumptions
Who identifies 4 dimensions of culture and what data is he using?
1) Geert Hofstede
2) IBM surveys (in 74 countries)
What are the 4 cultural dimensions that Geert Hofstede identifies?
(and the one he added later)
Power Distance
Individualism/collectivism
Masculinity
Uncertainty avoidance
(added short/long term orientation later)
Explain Power Distance
(give an example of a country in each extreme)
Acceptance that power is distrubuted unequally in society
Sweden not accepting, Malaysia is accepting
Explain Individualism/collectivism
(give an example of a country in each extreme)
Employer-employee relationsship is a contract versus employer-employee relationsship is basically moral
UK versus China
Explain Masculinity-Femininity
(give an example of a country in each extreme)
Extent of differences between gender roles
(Japan vs. Sweden)
Explain Uncertainty Avoidance
(give an example of a country in each extreme)
Dislike of unfamiliar, novel, uncertain situations
- tolerance for ambiguity and chaos vs. there is a need for precision and formalisation
(Denmark vs. Japan)
How does Dubsons model of informal and formal organisations differ from Mckinseys 7’s?
And what is typycal of the process from the formal to the informal?
1) See picture. It is especially the “formal policies and procedures” + “Technology and Work processes”
2) The group-forming process: Forming, storming, norming, performing
