Lecture 1-3 (Individual processes, Individual Differences and Social Interaction & Group dynamics) Flashcards
What is the shape of the relationsship between performance and arousal?
Shaped as a quadratic equation (but not exact):
Steep increase in performance when more aroused, however, if you get too aroused the performance drops drastically .
What are the levels of Organisational Behaviour?
(Content model)
Environment, organisation, group & individual
- Explain the Process Model of individual Behaviour (and who is the author?)
Kurt Lewin
B=f(I*C)
Individuals’ behaviour is a result of individual characteristics and its context
What is the 3-Stage model of Change?
And who is the author?
Unfreezing –> Changing –> Refreezing. Need to lower ‘resistance’ and increase ‘driving forces’ to succesfully change the organisation.
Kurt Lewin
What is the Müller-Lyer illusion?
The Müller-Lyer illusion is an optical illusion consisting of a stylized arrow. When viewers are asked to place a mark on the figure at the midpoint, they invariably place it more towards the “tail” end.
1) What is the MBTI?
2) What are the four dimension (dichotomies)?
1) Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (Measure of Self-assessed type):
The Myers–Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) assessment is a psychometric questionnaire designed to measure psychologicalpreferences in how people perceive the world and make decisions
2)
Extraversion (E) – (I) Introversion
Sensing (S) – (N) Intuition
Thinking (T) – (F) Feeling
Judging (J) – (P) Perception
Learning:
Explain (shortly) the difference of Behaviourists and Cognitive/experientials view on learning
Behaviourist: Relatively stable change in behaviour
Cognitive/experiential: The transformation of experience
Name two authors that are behaviourists
Pavlov
Skinner
Name the author of Association Learning/Classical Conditioning
Pavlov
Name the author of Operant Conditioning
Skinner
What is the main difference between Classical conditioning and Operant Conditioning?
Classical Conditioning (/Association Learning) (Pavlov): Involuntary, automatic response:
e.g. dog that sees food –> saliva
Operant Conditioning (Skinner):
Voluntary response, motivated to learn
e.g. Rat will push the bar for food to come out, when it gets hungry enough. It will eventually learn (through repetition and reward during time). Actionàreinforcer (reward)àHabit strengthens
Who is the author of Law of Effect?
Edward Thorndike
1) What is the Law of Effect?
2) Who is the author?
3) Is it mainly about motivation, learning or Goal setting?
4) which paradigm is the author part of?
1) “Law of effect” stated that any behavior that is followed by pleasant consequences is likely to be repeated, and any behavior followed by unpleasant consequences is likely to be stopped.
2) Edward Thorndike
3) Learning
4) Operant Conditioning
What is the main problem with Skinner’s view of Learning (operant conditioning)?
1) Partial Reinforcement Extinction Effect (PREE)
- The partial reinforcement effect (PRE) is the empirical finding that resistance to extinction is greater following acquisition where some, but not all, responses are reinforced; compared to acquisition all responses are reinforced
(–>Gambling)
2) Social learning Theorists - Bandura’s four step model
- Maybe operant Conditioning should be seen as a theory of motivation rather than learning?
(schoolclass of kids - learned/motivated because other group was rewarded)
Mention an author of Cognitive and Experential approaches to learning?
Cognitive: Broadbent
Experiential: Kolb, Downs, Honey
Explain Learning “as the transformation of experience”, according to Kolb and Honey
Who’s the author of “Ten Principles of Adult Learning”?
Downs
Mention some of the Ten principles of Adult Learning
1) What is the “Spring of Action” according to Content Theories?
2) And name the main author
1) Needs
2) Maslow
Name the 5 levels in Maslows Hierarchy of Needs
Biological, Security, Social, Esteem, Self actualisation
Who are the main authors of Job Enrichment
Herzberg
+
Hackman & Oldham
What is the definition of motivation?
Force, direction & persistence of behaviour
1) What are the two dimensions of drivers that lead to extreme job dissatisfaction or job satisfaction?
2) Which one primarly lead to satisfaction and which one primarly lead to dissatisfaction?
3) Who is the author?
1)
Hygiene factors (Mainly ‘other people factors’: supervision, company policy administration, work condition)
Motivators (Mainly ‘me factors’: Achievement, recognition, work itself, responsibility)
2)
Hygiene leads to dissatisfaction, motivators leads to satisfaction
3) Herzberg
1) Who are the authors of “Job Characteristics Model of Work Motivation”?
2) What are the main dimensions?
1) Hackman & Oldham
2) Core Job dimensions, Critical Psychological States & Personal and Work Outcomes
Who are the key authors of Expectancy theory?
Victor Vroom
+
Porter & Lawler
1) What is the focus of Expectancy theory (according to Vroom)?
1) Motivation (/Effort)
Expectancy theory proposes that an individual will decide to behave or act in a certain way because they are motivated to select a specific behavior over other behaviors due to what they expect the result of that selected behavior will be
Expectancy: is the belief that one’s effort (E) will result in attainment of desired performance
Valence (V): The value an individual places on the rewards of an outcome
1) What are the key areas of Porter & Lawler’s Expectancy Model of Motivation?
2) And what could be added? (According to Professor)
1)
Value of reward + perceived effort
Effort
Abilities & traits + Role perception
Performance
Intrinsic Rewards + Extrinsic rewards
Perceived equity (is it fair?)
Satisfaction
2)
Ressources/tools (as part of performance or in addition to)
Who’s the authors of Goal Setting?
Locke
Baldes+Latham
SMART is a part of Goal Setting. What does it stand for?
Specific
Measurable
Achievable
Relevant
Time-bound
Mention some very important aspects of Goal Setting
1) SMART
2) Employee led
3) Rewards (individual growth, company growth, group succes)
4) Identify action
5) Specify when as well as how
6) Build in a review point
7) Recap to check understanding
What is the difference between a typical performance test and a maximum performance test?
Typical performance is how an employee performs on a regular basis, while maximum performance is how one performs when exerting as much effort as possible.
Workers usually exhibit maximum performance when they are being observed. Therefore, some conditions that tend to foster maximum performance include work samples (often given to a potential employee during an interview), manager evaluations, and job knowledge tests.
Who grouped intelligence in specific factors, minor group factors and major group factors?
Vernon
What is “g”, “V:Ed” and “Sp:M” in Vernon’s theory of intelligence?
G: Galton (General intelligence)
V:Ed: Vertical Education
Sp:M: Spacial Mechanical
1) Who came up with 7 primary abilities? (intelligence)
2) And how is it different than Vernon?
3) What abilities were identified?
1) Thurstone
2) It did not find an overall “g”.
3)
- Spatial ability: Ability to visualise space form relationships eg., same figure in different orientations
- Perceptual speed: Ability to grasp visual details quickly
- Numerical ability: Ability to perform computations
- Verbal meaning: Ability to understand the meaning of words
- Memory: Ability to recall verbal stimuli eg., sentences ability to think of words rapidly eg., solving
- Verbal Fluency: Ability to think of words rapidly:
- Inductive reasoning ability to find a general rule linking stimuli
Difinition of personality?
An individual’s characteristic and relatively stable patterns of behaviour, thought and emotion
(Robert Hogan)
What are the 2 main approaches within “Personality” theory. Mention one or authors from each
Nomothetic - empirically derived trait descriptions (typical performance tests) (Eysenck, Cattell)
Idiographic - Theoritically/clinically derived psychological dynamics (Freud, Rogers)
1) Who conceptualized personality as two, biologically-based independent dimensions of temperament measured on a continuum?
2) And what were the extremes on each dimension?
1) Eysenck
2) Introverted vs Extroverted & Stable vs. Unstable
What is “Big Five”?
Who is the author?
1) Personality measure: Extraversion, emotional stability, agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness
2) Norman
What does FMJ & FJM stand for?
Fit the Man to the Job
Fit the Job to the Man
What is FMJ and FJM?
The fit between individual differences and role requirements are essential for Job performance, satisfaction, less stress, resistance and organisational climate
Fit can be acomplished through FMJ or FJM
What is the name of the author of the “arrow-effect”?
Müller-Lyer
Who’s the author of Theory X and Y?
Explain the difference between X and Y?
According to this theory, a Type X individual is considered to be inherently lazy and not fond of their job. As a result, the management style required to ensure individuals fulfill their objectives is authoritative.
Theory Y, In this theory, management assumes employees may be ambitious, self-motivated and exercise self-control.
For McGregor, Theory X and Y are not different ends of the same continuum
What theory is Maslow part of?
Content theory
What is the halo & horn effects?
And who is the author?
Thorndike
The halo effect is a cognitive bias in which an observer’s overall impression of a person, company, brand, or product influences the observer’s feelings and thoughts about that entity’s character or properties
Who’s the author of ERG theory?
And what does it stand for?
Clayton Alderfer
Proposes the categorization of needs into three distinct classifications:
- Existence
- Relatedness
- Growth
What findings did Latham and Baldes find in their study?
Specific, agreed and challenging goals lead to an increase in productivity
