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RESP Y1 > Lecture 4 & 5- Pulmonary Ventilation > Flashcards

Lecture 4 & 5- Pulmonary Ventilation Flashcards

1
Q

What is the diaphragm’s role in breathing?

A
  • Contracts during inspiration, increasing the thoracic volume
  • relaxes during expiration, decreasing the thoracic cavity
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2
Q

What is the function of the external intercostal muscles during breathing?

A

Raise the rib cage during quiet inspiration

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3
Q

What is the function of the internal intercostal muscles during breathing?

A

Lowers the rib cage during forced expiration

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4
Q

What muscles are used during forces inspiration?

A

Scalene muscles; pectoral is minor; sternocleidomastoid

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5
Q

When are the abdominal muscles used during breathing?

A

During forced expiration

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6
Q

Where are the central chemoreceptors found?

A

Ventral surface of the medulla

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7
Q

Where are the peripheral chemoreceptors found?

A

Carotid bodies and aortic arch

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8
Q

Where are the stretch receptors found?

A

Bronchi

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9
Q

What effect does increased carbon dioxide have on breathing?

A

Increases breathing rate and depth

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10
Q

What effect does decreased oxygen or pH have on breathing?

A

Increases breathing rate and depth

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11
Q

What effect does stretching of the bronchi have on breathing rate?

A

Decreases breathing rate

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12
Q

Which region of the medulla is the only region active during quiet breathing?

A

Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

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13
Q

Which region of the medulla does the dorsal respiratory group have control over?

A

Ventral respiratory group (VRG)

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14
Q

What are the three parts of the ventral respiratory group in the medulla?

A

Rostral, intermediate and caudal

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15
Q

What are the 2 areas within the pons that influence medullary output?

A

Apneustic centre and pneumotaxic centre

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16
Q

Atmospheric pressure

A

Pressure of the air outside the body

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17
Q

Intraalveolar pressure

A

Pressure in the lungs

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18
Q

Intrapleural pressure

A

Pressure within the intrapleural space (visceral and parietal)

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19
Q

Transpulmonary pressure

A

Difference between intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressure

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20
Q

What is Boyle’s law?

A

Pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume

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21
Q

What is the law of Laplace?

A
  • Pressure is directly proportional to surface tension

- pressure is inversely proportional to the radius of the alveolus

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22
Q

Which alveolar cells secrete surfactant?

A

Type II

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23
Q

What is the main function of surfactant?

A

Reduce surface tension and so prevent the collapse of alveoli

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24
Q

What is the A-a gradient?

A

A measure of the difference in the concentration of oxygen in the alveolus compared to the arteries

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25
Q

How is the A-a gradient calculated?

A

PAoxygen-Paoxygen

26
Q

PAoxygen

A

Alveolar oxygen concentration

27
Q

Paoxygen

A

Arterial oxygen concentration

28
Q

Tidal volume

A

Amount of air in a single inspiration or expiration

29
Q

Functional residual capacity

A

Volume of air that remains in the lungs at the end of normal respiration

30
Q

Vital capacity

A

Volume of air that can be exhaled after maximal inspiration

31
Q

Total lung capacity

A

Maximum volume of air in the lungs after a maximal inspiration

32
Q

Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1)

A

Volume of air that can be forcibly blown out in 1 second after full inspiration

33
Q

Forced vital capacity (FVC)

A

Volume of air that be forcibly blown out after full inspiration

34
Q

Where is the apneustic centre found?

A

Lower pons

35
Q

Where is the pneumotaxic centre found?

A

Upper pons

36
Q

Central chemoreceptors

A
  • dominates control under resting conditions
  • mainly responsive to changes in Pacarbondioxide
  • located behind the blood brain barrier and directly stimulated by H+
37
Q

Blood brain barrier

A
  • acts as important filter by excluding blood borne ions so chemoreceptors can distinguish changes in Pacarbondioxide from background changes in ECF pH
  • only allows lipid soluble molecules to cross e.g. carbon dioxide and oxygen
38
Q

Peripheral chemoreceptors

A
  • fast acting and trigger immediate response
  • monitor Paoxygen, Pacarbondioxide and arterial pH
  • carotid bodies found at bifurcation of common carotid arteries
  • aortic bodies along underside of aortic arch
39
Q

Carotid bodies

A
  • signal to respiratory centre via the glossoparyngeal nerve
  • contains type I/glomus cells and type II/sustentacular cells
  • found at bifurcation of common carotid arteries
40
Q

Glossopharyngeal nerve

A
  • nerve carries chemoreceptors information from the carotid bodies
  • leaves the cranium via the jugular foramen
41
Q

Vagus nerve

A
  • carries chemoreceptors information from the aortic bodies

- relays sensory information from the lungs

42
Q

Aortic bodies

A
  • signal to respiratory centre via the vagus nerve
43
Q

Where are the central chemoreceptors found?

A

Medulla

44
Q

What do the central chemoreceptors mainly detect changes in?

A

Carbon dioxide

45
Q

What do peripheral chemoreceptors mainly detect changes in?

A

Oxygen and pH (also monitor carbon dioxide)

46
Q

What does the DRG control?

A

The diaphragm

47
Q

Intermediate VRG

A
  • activates accessory muscles e.g. sternocleidomastoid and scalene during forced inspiration
  • external intercostals during inspiration
48
Q

Caudal VRG

A
  • regulates abdominal muscles and intercostals during forces expiration
49
Q

Rostral VRG

A
  • regulates DRG and contains pre-Botzinger complex (essential for respiratory rhythm)
50
Q

Apneustic centre

A

Normally inhibits lung expansion

51
Q

Pneumotaxic centre

A
  • Shortens inspiration

- increases breathing rate

52
Q

What is hypoxia vasoconstriction?

A
  • low levels of oxygen promote constriction of pulmonary vessels
  • directs blood away from poorly ventilated area to well ventilated ones where gas exchange can occur
53
Q

Haldane effect

A
  • Haemoglobin gives up carbon dioxide when Poxygen rises

- Haemoglobin binds to carbon dioxide when Poxygen falls

54
Q

What causes broncoconstriction?

A

ACh is released from parasympathetic fibres of the vagus nerve

55
Q

What causes bronchodilation?

A
  • Sympathetic nerve terminals release noradrenaline

- noradrenaline binds to B2 adrenergic receptors

56
Q

When is the VRG active?

A
  • forced inspiration

- expiration

57
Q

What do carotid chemoreceptors detect changes in?

A

Carbon dioxide, oxygen and pH

58
Q

What do aortic receptors detect changes in?

A

Carbon dioxide and oxygen

59
Q

Hearing Breuer reflex

A

If tidal volume is sufficiently high stretch receptors can terminate inspiration and prolong expiration that follows

60
Q

Is the DRG sensory or motor?

A

Sensory

61
Q

Is the VRG sensory or motor?

A

Motor

RESP Y1 (12 decks)

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