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RESP Y1 > Lecture 4 & 5- Pulmonary Ventilation > Flashcards

Lecture 4 & 5- Pulmonary Ventilation Flashcards

1
Q

What is the diaphragm’s role in breathing?

A
  • Contracts during inspiration, increasing the thoracic volume
  • relaxes during expiration, decreasing the thoracic cavity
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2
Q

What is the function of the external intercostal muscles during breathing?

A

Raise the rib cage during quiet inspiration

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3
Q

What is the function of the internal intercostal muscles during breathing?

A

Lowers the rib cage during forced expiration

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4
Q

What muscles are used during forces inspiration?

A

Scalene muscles; pectoral is minor; sternocleidomastoid

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5
Q

When are the abdominal muscles used during breathing?

A

During forced expiration

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6
Q

Where are the central chemoreceptors found?

A

Ventral surface of the medulla

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7
Q

Where are the peripheral chemoreceptors found?

A

Carotid bodies and aortic arch

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8
Q

Where are the stretch receptors found?

A

Bronchi

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9
Q

What effect does increased carbon dioxide have on breathing?

A

Increases breathing rate and depth

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10
Q

What effect does decreased oxygen or pH have on breathing?

A

Increases breathing rate and depth

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11
Q

What effect does stretching of the bronchi have on breathing rate?

A

Decreases breathing rate

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12
Q

Which region of the medulla is the only region active during quiet breathing?

A

Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

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13
Q

Which region of the medulla does the dorsal respiratory group have control over?

A

Ventral respiratory group (VRG)

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14
Q

What are the three parts of the ventral respiratory group in the medulla?

A

Rostral, intermediate and caudal

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15
Q

What are the 2 areas within the pons that influence medullary output?

A

Apneustic centre and pneumotaxic centre

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16
Q

Atmospheric pressure

A

Pressure of the air outside the body

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17
Q

Intraalveolar pressure

A

Pressure in the lungs

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18
Q

Intrapleural pressure

A

Pressure within the intrapleural space (visceral and parietal)

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19
Q

Transpulmonary pressure

A

Difference between intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressure

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20
Q

What is Boyle’s law?

A

Pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume

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21
Q

What is the law of Laplace?

A
  • Pressure is directly proportional to surface tension

- pressure is inversely proportional to the radius of the alveolus

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22
Q

Which alveolar cells secrete surfactant?

A

Type II

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23
Q

What is the main function of surfactant?

A

Reduce surface tension and so prevent the collapse of alveoli

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24
Q

What is the A-a gradient?

A

A measure of the difference in the concentration of oxygen in the alveolus compared to the arteries

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25
How is the A-a gradient calculated?
PAoxygen-Paoxygen
26
PAoxygen
Alveolar oxygen concentration
27
Paoxygen
Arterial oxygen concentration
28
Tidal volume
Amount of air in a single inspiration or expiration
29
Functional residual capacity
Volume of air that remains in the lungs at the end of normal respiration
30
Vital capacity
Volume of air that can be exhaled after maximal inspiration
31
Total lung capacity
Maximum volume of air in the lungs after a maximal inspiration
32
Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1)
Volume of air that can be forcibly blown out in 1 second after full inspiration
33
Forced vital capacity (FVC)
Volume of air that be forcibly blown out after full inspiration
34
Where is the apneustic centre found?
Lower pons
35
Where is the pneumotaxic centre found?
Upper pons
36
Central chemoreceptors
- dominates control under resting conditions - mainly responsive to changes in Pacarbondioxide - located behind the blood brain barrier and directly stimulated by H+
37
Blood brain barrier
- acts as important filter by excluding blood borne ions so chemoreceptors can distinguish changes in Pacarbondioxide from background changes in ECF pH - only allows lipid soluble molecules to cross e.g. carbon dioxide and oxygen
38
Peripheral chemoreceptors
- fast acting and trigger immediate response - monitor Paoxygen, Pacarbondioxide and arterial pH - carotid bodies found at bifurcation of common carotid arteries - aortic bodies along underside of aortic arch
39
Carotid bodies
- signal to respiratory centre via the glossoparyngeal nerve - contains type I/glomus cells and type II/sustentacular cells - found at bifurcation of common carotid arteries
40
Glossopharyngeal nerve
- nerve carries chemoreceptors information from the carotid bodies - leaves the cranium via the jugular foramen
41
Vagus nerve
- carries chemoreceptors information from the aortic bodies | - relays sensory information from the lungs
42
Aortic bodies
- signal to respiratory centre via the vagus nerve
43
Where are the central chemoreceptors found?
Medulla
44
What do the central chemoreceptors mainly detect changes in?
Carbon dioxide
45
What do peripheral chemoreceptors mainly detect changes in?
Oxygen and pH (also monitor carbon dioxide)
46
What does the DRG control?
The diaphragm
47
Intermediate VRG
- activates accessory muscles e.g. sternocleidomastoid and scalene during forced inspiration - external intercostals during inspiration
48
Caudal VRG
- regulates abdominal muscles and intercostals during forces expiration
49
Rostral VRG
- regulates DRG and contains pre-Botzinger complex (essential for respiratory rhythm)
50
Apneustic centre
Normally inhibits lung expansion
51
Pneumotaxic centre
- Shortens inspiration | - increases breathing rate
52
What is hypoxia vasoconstriction?
- low levels of oxygen promote constriction of pulmonary vessels - directs blood away from poorly ventilated area to well ventilated ones where gas exchange can occur
53
Haldane effect
- Haemoglobin gives up carbon dioxide when Poxygen rises | - Haemoglobin binds to carbon dioxide when Poxygen falls
54
What causes broncoconstriction?
ACh is released from parasympathetic fibres of the vagus nerve
55
What causes bronchodilation?
- Sympathetic nerve terminals release noradrenaline | - noradrenaline binds to B2 adrenergic receptors
56
When is the VRG active?
- forced inspiration | - expiration
57
What do carotid chemoreceptors detect changes in?
Carbon dioxide, oxygen and pH
58
What do aortic receptors detect changes in?
Carbon dioxide and oxygen
59
Hearing Breuer reflex
If tidal volume is sufficiently high stretch receptors can terminate inspiration and prolong expiration that follows
60
Is the DRG sensory or motor?
Sensory
61
Is the VRG sensory or motor?
Motor

RESP Y1 (12 decks)

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